Mean difference of Electrolyte Level measured in Arterial Blood gases and measured in Laboratory in Children presenting in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Background: Electrolytes are measured in arterial and venous blood by arterial blood gas analyzer and the auto-analyzers respectively. Objective: To determine the mean difference in electrolyte level in arterial blood gases (ABGs) level versus laboratory serum electrolyte level in the children admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at department of Pediatrics, the Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore from 1st December 2015 to 31st May 2016. Total of 125 children fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study from pediatric intensive care unit. The ABGs (whole blood) electrolytes were obtained immediately after collection, using ABGs analyzer. Serum electrolytes were analyzed in the central laboratory of the institution. Reports were assessed and levels of sodium and potassium was noted from reports of ABGs and laboratory. Results: Mean NA+ value on ABGs and from laboratory was 134.66 and 132.26 (p= 0.01). Mean K+ value from on ABGs and from laboratory was 4.51 and 4.28. (p= 0.071). In age group 1-5 and 6-10 years, K+ level was high in ABGs value (p-value=0.065 & p-value=0.073). However, in age group 11-15 years K+ level was significantly higher in ABGs value as that of laboratory value (p-value=0.014). The same trend was observed in male and female children that mean NA+ and K+ value with ABGs was significantly higher as compared to that of laboratory value. Conclusion: NA+ and K+ in arterial blood gases level were different from laboratory serum electrolyte level in children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit. Clinician should be aware of differences so that potential misdiagnosis does not occur and unnecessary treatment or investigation can’t be performed.

Iot Based Smart Bottle Sensor for Health Care

Electrolyte bottle monitoring has become difficult due to tight schedules most especially during these pandemic times that have left health workers with little or no time. Improper monitoring of electrolyte bottles can result into serious life-threatening risks. We intend to design a reusable electrolyte level sensor using Ultrasonic sensor and Arduino Nano. The project will have a transmitter circuit that will use Rf communication to send the data to receiver circuit for processing. The transmitter circuit has an ultrasonic sensor that will be used to measure the distance of electrolyte level in bottle. The data is then sent wirelessly to the receiver circuit where percentage of the electrolyte level is shown on LCD module. If it shows 100% electrolyte consumed, then an alarm is sent off alerting the health worker in charge. It is also our aim to develop an electrolyte level detector that is reusable, efficient and most importantly affordable for health care industries. Building such a monitoring system, will reduce patient hazards and also improve health care service delivery in terms of accuracy. Health care workers will not need to constantly or manually assess the level of electrolyte left in the bottle most especially during night shifts. Air particles or bubbles can enter the patient’s blood stream if electrolyte bottle gets empty and still attached to patient. If these particles enter, it can result into immediate death. With further developments, it can be upgraded to send message to a doctor/nurse’s phone, along with the patient’s room number and other specifications.

Electrolyte imbalance in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: A single center study.

Objectives: To determine the mean serum electrolyte level in neonates with perinatal birth asphyxia with moderate hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Pediatric Ward, Emergency and OPD, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: December 2017 to May 2018. Material & Methods: In our study, out of 190 cases were included, Results: mean g. age was calculated as 39.44+1.51 weeks, 49.47% (n=94) were male and 50.53% (n=96) were females. Mean APGAR score at 1 minute was calculated as 4.59+0.49 whereas 5.41+0.67 at 5 minutes. Mean weight of the neonates was calculated as 2771.58+256.83 grams. Frequency of delivered through history of fetal distress was recorded in 43.68% (n=83), mean serum electrolytes shows that serum sodium 137.71+1.69 mg/dl, serum potassium 3.92+0.18 mg/dl and serum calcium 8.45+0.51 mg/dl. Conclusion: We concluded that mean serum electrolyte level in neonates with perinatal birth asphyxia with moderate hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were in normal range, however, in absence of control group and data analysis in qualitative way, we are unable to record the frequency of hypocalcemia, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, which may be done in coming trials.

IoT Based Electrolyte level Monitoring System

In hospitals, Electrolyte is fed to patients in many ways. One of the important functions is in the form of saline to treat dehydration and thus improve their health. In current health care measures, whenever a saline is fed to any patient, the patient needs to be continuously monitored by a nurse or any caretaker. Monitoring the Saline level in a bottle attached to a patients’ body is one of the most important tasks for a Nurse/caretaker. In cases involving ignorance or carelessness, the bottle may get empty and blood can start flowing reverse into the bottle from patients’ body. This is a risky situation and needs a better solution. We are developing an IoT based bottle level monitoring system that will detect the saline bottle level at all instances and will send an alert to the hospital's control room in case the bottle reaches it's critical level(30% of initial level) and if there is no response and the level goes beyond 20% on initial level, we stop the flow. We are using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for processing and communication and load sensor for detecting the bottle weight. The proposed system is not electrolyte specific and can monitor any fluid. A Dc Motor controlled- screw actuated clamp mechanism is used for stopping the flow

Detection of Low Electrolyte Level for Vented Lead–Acid Batteries Based on Electrical Measurements

It is well known that a low level of electrolytes in batteries produces a malfunction or even failure and irreversible damage. There are several kinds of sensors to detect the electrolyte level. Some of them are non-invasive, such as optical sensors of level, while some others are invasive; but both require one sensor per battery. This paper proposes a different approach to detect the low electrolyte level, which neither requires invasive sensors nor one sensor for each battery. The approach is based on the estimation of the internal resistance of an equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) model of the battery. To establish the detection criterion of the low level of electrolytes, a statistical analysis is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to be considered a valid method, multiple experiments were performed. The experiments consisted of determining how the internal resistance is affected at eight different levels of electrolyte at different aging levels of vented lead–acid (VLA) batteries. The results have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Hence, this approach has the potential to be used for the reducing of sensors and avoiding invasive methods to determine the low level of electrolytes.

Assessment of blood morphology, electrolyte level as well as kidney and liver function before and after leaving the water in a winter swimmers during the entire winter swimming season - a case study

Study aim: The aim of the study was to assess blood morphology, electrolyte level as well as indices of kidney function and the activity of selected liver enzymes determining liver function before and after exiting the water in a winter swimmer (“Walrus”) from the “Kaloryfer” (“Radiator”) Krakow Winter Swimming Club during the whole winter bathing season. Materials and methods: The subject of research was a winter swimmer from the “Radiator” Krakow Winter Swimming Club  a 53-year-old male. Blood was collected from the subject: at the beginning of the winter swimming season, during (five times) and at the end of the season (each time before and after getting out of the water); time maintaining in water: 10 minutes. Results: Analysing the average values of the indices before and after exiting the water, statistically significant increases were noted in AST [U/L] by 6.4% and LDH [U/L] by 2.45%, as well as a decrease in Na+ [mmol/l] by 1.14%, Clˉ [mmol/l] by 1.78% and urea [mmol/l] by 3.64%. Conclusions: Regular baths taken by the winter swimmers in cold water did not affect blood morphology indices and did not cause pathological changes in kidney profile. Furthermore, slight fluctuations regarding the concentration of electrolytes in the blood serum and changes in the hepatic profile additionally “externalised” health problems, which appeared prior to winter swimming.