楊起元的思想發展及其對師門之學的塑造

<p>活躍於十六世紀下半葉的楊起元是泰州大儒羅汝芳的弟子。他於師教篤信弗疑，承繼與推廣師學的努力亦廣為傳頌，李贄言楊氏之學「大抵皆本父師之言而推衍之」。不過，前輩學者已經注意到楊、羅之間的思想間距。本文關注楊起元的思想發展，特重其師學塑造，以測定楊氏與其師思想與學說的距離。楊起元於羅汝芳過世後參與兩次師學塑造運動。第一次發生在羅汝芳的喪禮之上，同門弟子咸集驗證所得，以「明德」私諡羅汝芳，也以此為師門宗旨理解羅汝芳之學。喪禮後數年，楊起元閱讀其師遺集而感悟於「孝」，因此開啟《孝經》編纂工程。楊氏藉此發揚羅汝芳的孝弟慈論，但是比起羅氏孝論的源頭《大學》，他更為推崇《孝經》，也認為該經更為契合羅氏之學。師門孝論的核心經典，在楊起元手上完成從《大學》到《孝經》的轉換，是為楊氏參與的第二度師學塑造。本文認為，楊起元的案例顯示陽明學發展至十六世紀末，愈發鼓勵思想學說落實成具物質性之文本，而楊氏所塑造的師門之學正是在落實的過程中，漸與羅汝芳之學分離開來。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>This paper examines the development of Yang Qiyuan&rsquo;s (1547-99) thought with a special focus on his efforts in reshaping the learning of his master, Luo Rufang (1515-88), in order to assess the distance between the teachings of the two. Yang participated twice in events to reshape the teachings of his master. The first time was at the funeral for Luo Rufang, when Yang and the other disciples assembled together to consolidate Luo&rsquo;s legacy. On their own they gave him the posthumous title of &ldquo;Bright Virtue,&rdquo; taken from the Great Learning, and regarded this as a representative element of Luo Rufang&rsquo;s teachings. Years after the funeral, while reading through the master&rsquo;s remaining works, Yang came to realize the significance of filial piety, and thereupon began a project to compile the Classic of Filial Piety, in which he emphasized the themes of filial piety, fraternity and kindness in Luo&rsquo;s teachings. While Luo&rsquo;s theories on filial piety were based upon the Great Learning, Yang instead pointed to the Classic of Filial Piety as more suited for Luo&rsquo;s teachings. Thus, changing the textual basis for Luo&rsquo;s theories on filial piety was Yang&rsquo;s second reshaping of his master&rsquo;s legacy. This essay argues that the case of Yang Qiyuan illustrates Wang Yangmingism (1472-1529) at the end of the sixteenth century developed to emphasize on rendering doctrine into textual form. Yang&rsquo;s reshaping of his master&rsquo;s legacy was part of this process, and led him to part ways with his master&rsquo;s original teachings.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Relationship between the representative element volume and discontinuity parameters

We introduce an application of the discrete fracture network (DFN) model and 3D persistence to study the relationship between the representative element volume (REV) size and discontinuity information. To avoid the influence of heterogeneity on the distribution of discontinuities, the dam abutment rock mass of the Songta hydropower station is divided into eight statistically homogeneous domains based on the discontinuity orientation and trace length. An optimum DFN model is established for each homogeneous domain. Cubes of different sizes are extracted from the centre of the corresponding DFN model. Based on the discontinuity projection method, the 3D persistence values within the DFN model and each cube are calculated separately. The relative error of persistence for each cube and the DFN model are used to evaluate the size effect and to identify the REV size. Subsequently, the relationship between the determined REV size and the corresponding discontinuity information is systematically researched. Our results show that the discontinuity diameter, the volume density and the Fisher constant have separate linear relationships with the REV size. We present the empirical formulas for estimating the REV size according to the discontinuity diameter, the volume density and the Fisher constant.

A methodology of re-generating a representative element volume of fractured rock mass

In simulation of fractured rock mass such as mechanical calculation, hydraulic calculation or coupled hydro-mechanical calculation, the representative element volume of fractured rock mass in the simulating code is very important and give the success of simulation works. The difficulties of how to make a representative element volume are come from the numerous fractures distributed in different orientation, length, location of the actual fracture network. Based on study of fracture characteristics of some fractured sites in the world, the paper presented some main items concerning to the fracture properties. A methodology of re-generating a representative element volume of fractured rock mass by DEAL.II code was presented in this paper. Finally, some applications were introduced to highlight the performance as well as efficiency of this methodology.

IMPEACHMENT OF STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENT IN THE UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA’ BOARD OF TRUSTEES ACCORDING TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW VIEWPOINT

Law No. 12 of 2012 regarding Higher Education constitute that Higher Education Institution is required to have a Organizing Organization(s) of Higher Education. Universitas Indonesia (UI) as a State University which was regulated in Government Regulation No. 68 of 2013 regarding the Statute of the University of Indonesia (Statute of UI) has a Board of Trustees of the University of Indonesia (MWA UI) which is one of the Organizing Organizations of Higher Education in UI. One element in the MWA UI is the student representative element (MWA UI UM) which is elected once a year by all UI students in a democratic way, and is appointed and discharged based on recommendations from the Academic Senate of the University of Indonesia which is then determined through a Ministerial Decision (Ministry of education). But then the Intra-Campus Student Organizations in UI regulate the impeachment mechanism of MWA UI UM beside the election. Does the impeachment of the MWA UI UM by the Intra-Campus Student Organization of UI have a legal impact on the status of the MWA UI UM membership at the MWA UI? Then how is the mechanism of impeachment / "dishonorably discharged" for members of the MWA UI UM if the proposal for impeachment comes from Student Organizations in UI? These two questions will be discussed in this article. The method used in this paper is literature study about student organizations of UI, and related laws and regulations.

Ultimate Compressive Strength of Eccentrically Loaded Stiffened Panels in Ship Structures: A Computational Study

Ship scantlings are obtained through a linear elastic design framework. In relatively long ships, the mid-ship’s ultimate strength capacity must be checked whether it is below a certain level (given factor of safety). Smith’s method is based on an incremental-iterative approach where constitutive equations of idealized representative components are used to model the different involved buckling modes. The literature body neglects the local bending effect applied at the stiffener with the attached plating (considered here as the representative element). This work studies the eccentrically loaded representative element from its compressive resistance point of view. The eccentricity sources from the linear varying strain field produced as a result of pure bending of the ship’s mid-section and is relative to the location of the stiffened panel from the ship’s section Neutral Axis. Therefore, the representative element has been considered as a part of the ship’s structure and the inherent eccentricity is analytically calculated in terms of geometric and material properties. A computational study has been further performed in a non-linear finite element environment in order to figure out the effect of the eccentricity level to the ultimate compressive strength of the representative element. Geometric distortions have been also included in the FE models in order to allow for accurate strength calculations. Numerical results have shown that, in realistic proportions of large ships, the further the representative element is located from the mid-ship’s NA the smaller is the deviation from pure compressive load strength analysis results. However, for the element laying near the ship’s NA, idealized models overestimate the strength by 10% compared to realistic analytical / numerical results for the typical scantling case considered.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE STRESS INFLUENCE ON THE EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF NANOPOROUS PIEZOCOMPOSITES

The present paper considers the homogenization problems for mixed piezoelectric composite materials with stochastic distributions of inclusions or pores and with taking into account the mechanical imperfect interphase boundaries. The accepted interface statements correspond to the Gurtin - Murdoch model and give a significant contribution only for nanostructured composites. To determine the effective properties, an integrated approach was used, based on the theory of effective moduli, on the modelling of representative element volumes and on the finite element method. An aggregate of boundary value problems was described, which allow one to find a complete set of effective stiffness moduli, piezomoduli, and dielectric constants for a piezocomposite of arbitrary anisotropy class. The numerical solution of homogenization problems was carried out in the ANSYS finite-element package, which was used both for modelling of representative element volumes and for computation of the effective properties of composite material. The representative volume consisted of a regular cubic array of piezoelectric finite elements with the material properties of the two phases. The contact boundaries between materials of different phases were covered with elastic membrane elements that simulated interface surface stresses. Specific implementation was performed for nanoporous piezoceramic composites, for which both the initial phases and the homogeneous material were materials of the hexagonal symmetry class, and the pores were considered as piezoelectric material with negligibly small stiffness moduli and piezomoduli. For this composite the membrane elements inherited the anisotropy structure of volume elements on their common edges. As an example, the results of calculations of effective moduli for porous ferroelectric soft piezoceramics PZT-5H were presented. It was noted that the surface stresses on the boundaries of the pores can significantly increase the values of the effective stiffness moduli. However, they had a weak influence on the values of the effective piezomoduli and dielectric constants.

Formalization of the process and development of an algorithm for solid-phase mixing of components of a heterogeneous composite material

The article considers one of the approaches to modeling the process of mixing of polydisperse powders, which includes three main fractions of different sizes, the shape of which is close to spherical. The work is aimed at reducing material costs at the stage of development of mixing processes by reducing the number of experiments. Aiming to obtain the most uniform mixing with the minimum time of the technological process, the model is based on the target function for a certain number of iterations of mixing of the composition to obtain the required (maximum possible) density of the package of mixed solid particles.To develop a model of the mixing process, one of the heuristic algorithms – the “metal annealing method” – was used. As a representative element of the model, an elementary cell in the form of several hexagonal densely. Packed particles around one introduced into the composition of the composite material (in a small amount, from 5 to 15 %) as a modifier was adopted. The mo del is formalized with the condition of averaging the particle sizes within each fraction, as well as the morphology of their surface. The number of particle repackaging iterations is calculated by the probability of obtaining the minimum amount of voids in the representative element and the uniformity of distribution of the modifying element.Comparison of the values obtained during the simulation with the measured values of the mixing results on a specific mixer will form a scale of compliance of the simulation results with the operating modes of the process equipment. This will make it possible to predict the appropriate mixing modes at the stage of development of the technological process with the possible system of fluctuations in the characteristics of the supplied raw materials and, thereby, to create a methodological basis for the formation of quality management of manufacturing heterogeneous composite material. The model can be adapted for polydisperse powders with the content of the main fractions of more than three.

Gas slip flow in a fracture: local Reynolds equation and upscaled macroscopic model

The slightly compressible flow of a gas in the slip regime within a rough fracture featuring a heterogeneous aperture field is analysed in depth in this work. Starting from the governing Navier–Stokes, continuity and gas state law equations together with a first-order slip boundary condition at the impermeable walls of the fracture, the two-dimensional slip-corrected Reynolds model is first derived, which is shown to be second-order-accurate in the local slope of the roughness asperities while being first-order-accurate in the Knudsen number. Focusing the interest on the flow-rate to pressure-gradient relationship over a representative element of the fracture, an upscaling procedure is applied to the local Reynolds equation using the method of volume averaging, providing a macroscopic model for which the momentum conservation equation has a Reynolds-like form. The effective macroscopic transmissivity tensor, which is characteristic of the representative element, is shown to be given by a closure problem that is non-intrinsic to the geometrical structure of the fracture only due to the slip effect. An expansion to the first order in the Knudsen number is carried out on the closure, yielding a decomposition of the effective transmissivity tensor into its purely viscous part and its slip correction, both being given by the solution of intrinsic closure subproblems. Numerical validations of the solution to the closure problem are performed with analytical predictions for simple fracture geometries. Comparison between the macroscopic transmissivity tensor, obtained from the solution of the closure problem, and its first-order approximation is illustrated on a randomly rough correlated Gaussian fracture.