Standardization of rounds on a general paediatric ward: Implementation of a checklist to improve efficiency, quality of rounds, and family satisfaction

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a standardized rounding tool for use on the general paediatric ward and to determine if its use can improve quality of rounds as well as patient and parent satisfaction. Methodology The study used a pre- and post-intervention prospective observational methodology. The intervention consisted of the implementation of a Checklist Rounding Tool (CRT) entitled the ‘Paediatric Inpatient Rounding Checklist (PIRC)’ which outlined items deemed essential to discuss during rounds for all patients admitted to the paediatric ward. The PIRC was created by the research team after reviewing the literature and it was peer reviewed by a panel of expert paediatricians. Performance on rounds based on discussion of checklist items as well as patient and parent satisfaction were evaluated by an external observer both pre- and post-PIRC implementation. Results Four of the five less frequently addressed checklist items were discussed significantly more post-intervention. The Rounds Quality Score was significantly improved after checklist implementation, the pre- and post-intervention scores being 8.24 and 9.61/10, respectively (P-value <0.001). Patient and parent satisfaction were rated higher with the use of the checklist. There was no difference in the duration of rounds between the pre- and post-implementation phases. Conclusion In summary, utilization of a standardized rounding tool on an inpatient paediatric ward led to improvement in quality of rounds as well as patient and parent satisfaction.

Análise observacional das ações dos guarda-redes de futebol jovem

El portero tiene un papel importante en el proceso ofensivo y defensivo de un equipo de fútbol. El objetivo del estudio era analizar las acciones ofensivas y defensivas de los GR U-17 del fútbol, utilizando la metodología observacional. GR Sub-17 (n=4) fue analizado en Se analizaron treinta partidos del campeonato del distrito de AF Lisboa. La muestra observacional consistió en 286 acciones defensivas y 790 acciones ofensivas. Utilizamos los sistemas de observación de las acciones técnico-tácticas ofensivas y defensivas de los porteros. Las acciones observadas fueron codificadas utilizando el programa informático LINCE versión 1.3. El procesamiento de datos se realizó a través de análisis descriptivos, de la prueba U-Mann Whitney para comparar las acciones en la condición de local y visitante y estadísticas gráficas. Verificamos en las acciones defensivas un mayor número de ocurrencias en forma de intervención fuera de gol (n=140; 4.66±2.57), acción como la última defensa (n=102; 3.4±2.34), forma de ejecución técnica con ambas manos (n= 205; 6,83±3,32) y zona final de la acción técnica 1 (n=155; 5,16±3,19). En las acciones ofensivas registramos más ocurrencias para la forma en que la pelota llegó al portero a través del retardo (n=263; 8.76±3.89), inicio de la acción en la zona 1(n=205; 13,30±4,72), patada de objetivo corto de acción técnica (n=191; 6,36±3,99), ataque posicional de decisión táctica (n=498; 16.60±5.87), fin de la acción de mantenimiento de la posesión (n=593; 19,76±5,81) y zona final de la acción 5 (n=131; 4,36±3,47). En el proceso defensivo, la acción del portero tiene una enorme preponderancia como la última defensa y defensa de la portería. En el proceso ofensivo, las acciones técnicas con los pies son relevantes en la participación en la construcción del ataque posicional. La acción de los porteros está influenciada por la condición del visitante. The goalkeeper (GK) has a major role in the offensive and defensive process of a soccer team. The aim of the study focused on the analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of the U-17 soccer GK, using observational methodology. U-17 GK (n=4) was analyzed in thirty Lisbon FA U-17 championship games. The observational sample consisted of 286 defensive actions and 790 offensive actions. We used the observational systems of the offensive and defensive technical-tactical GK’ actions. The actions observed were codified using the LINCE version 1.3 computer program. Data processing was performed through descriptive analysis, of the U-Mann Whitney test to compare actions in home and away condition and graphical statistics. We verified in the defensive actions a higher number of occurrences in the intervention form come off from goal (n=140; 4.66±2.57), action as last defender (n=102; 3.4±2,34), technical execution form with two hands (n= 205; 6.83±3.32) and final zone of technical action 1 (n=155; 5.16±3,19). In the offensive actions we recorded more occurrences for ball arrives the GK through back pass (n=263; 8.76±3.89), start of the action in zone 1 (n=205; 13.30±4.72), technical action short goal kick (n=191; 6.36±3.99), tactical decision positional attack (n=498; 16.60±5.87), final action maintenance of ball possession (n=593; 19.76±5.81) and final zone of action 5 (n=131; 4.36±3.47). In the defensive process, the action of the GKs has enormous preponderance in the action as the last defense and goal defense. In the offensive process, technical actions with the feet are relevant in the positional attack construction participation. The GK’ action is influenced by the condition of home game or visitor. O guarda-redes (GR) tem uma ação preponderante no processo ofensivo e defensivo de uma equipa de futebol. O objetivo do estudo centrou-se na análise das ações ofensivas e defensivas do GR sub-17 de futebol, recorrendo à metodologia observacional. Foram analisados GR Sub-17 (n=4) em 30 jogos do campeonato distrital da AF Lisboa. A amostra observacional foi de 286 ações defensivas e 790 ações ofensivas. Utilizámos os sistemas de observação das ações técnico-táticas ofensivas e defensivas dos GR. As ações observadas foram codificadas recorrendo ao software informático LINCE versão 1.3. O tratamento de dados foi realizado através da análise descritiva, do teste U-Mann Whitney para comparar as ações na condição de casa e fora e estatística gráfica. Verificámos nas ações defensivas maior número de ocorrências na forma de intervenção saída da baliza (n=140; 4.66±2.57), ação como último defesa (n=102; 3.4±2.34), forma de execução técnica com as duas mãos (n= 205; 6.83±3.32) e zona final da ação técnica 1 (n=155; 5.16±3.19). Nas ações ofensivas registámos mais ocorrências para forma de chegada da bola ao GR através de atraso (n=263; 8.76±3.89), início da ação na zona 1 (n=205; 13.30±4.72), ação técnica pontapé de baliza curto (n=191; 6.36±3.99), decisão tática ataque posicional (n=498; 16.60±5.87), final da ação manutenção da posse de bola (n=593; 19.76±5.81) e zona final da ação 5 (n=131; 4.36±3.47). No processo defensivo, a ação dos GR tem enorme preponderância como último defesa e defesa da baliza. No processo ofensivo as ações técnicas com os pés são relevantes na participação na construção do ataque posicional. A ação dos GR é influenciada pela condição de visitado ou visitante.

Differences in Technical Development and Playing Space in Three UEFA Champions Leagues

The analysis of football grows exponentially, with many researchers adopting it as an object of study. The thematic range that addresses it, as well as the different methodologies used, are of a very different nature—physical, psychological, technical, tactical—enriching every day the knowledge, and understanding of the game itself. The objective of this study has been to identify the differences between the different styles of play that lead to becoming the champion of the UEFA Champions League in the last 3 years of the pre-COVID stage, by analyzing the spatial performance developed, the association between the players that make up the different lines of the game system and the analysis of the various technical actions that are developed to carry out the offensive phase of each team. For this, the Observational Methodology and two types of analysis have been used: quantitative, by calculating X2, and qualitative, by applying the Polar Coordinates technique. The results obtained show the relationship that is established between the different lines that make up the offensive systems of the champion teams of this competition, as well as the relationship of significance that is established between the use of space—width and depth—and the technical means used to achieve success, the goal.

Creating Goal Scoring Opportunitites in Men and Women UEFA Champions League Soccer Matches. Tactical Similarities and Differences (Creación de Ocasiones de Gol en la UEFA Champions League Masculina y Femenina. Diferencias y Similitudes Tácticas)

The aim of the present study was to describe and compare how goal scoring opportunities emerge in both men and women UEFA Champions League. The sample included 819 team possessions that led to the creation of goal scoring opportunities from 32 random matches (16=men; 16=momen) during the 2018-2019 season. A total of 17 tactical indicators related to the start, development and the end of the team possessions were evaluated by observational methodology. An independent samples T Test was used to analyze the differences between gender. For the possessions start, men initiated the playing sequences less frequently in the opposing half (38.07±16.82% vs 64.78±23.30%; p<.05; ES=1.10) and against less frequent opponent pressure (48.67±21.77% vs 64.18±20.88%; p<.05; ES=0.68) than women. Regarding the possessions development, men registered longer duration of team possessions (18.48±6.58 vs 15.14±6.01 seconds: p<.05; ES=0.51), greater proportion of combinative attacks (30.83±16.55% vs 20.55±16.87%; p<.05; ES=0.54), as well as more passes per possession (6.36±2.41 vs 4.48±2.08; p<.05; ES=0.77) and faster passing tempo (one pass each 3.27±0.58 vs 4.01±0.80 seconds; p<.05; ES=0.94) than women. In conclusion, there are different tactical behaviours between men and women during the start and development of team possessions in UEFA Champions League soccer matches, while no differences were found at the end of the team possessions. Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la creación de ocasiones de gol en la UEFA Champions League tanto masculina como femenina. La muestra incluye 819 posesiones de equipo que consiguieron producir ocasiones de gol en 32 partidos aleatorios (16=masculino; 16 femenino) durante la temporada 2018-2019. Un total de 17 indicadores tácticos relacionados con el inicio, desarrollo y final de las posesiones fueron evaluadas a través de metodologia observacional. Un test de Student para muestras independientes fue utilizado para analizar las diferencias entre generos. En el inicio de la posesión, los hombres iniciaron sus secuencias ofensivas menos frecuentemente en el campo contrario (38.07±16.82% vs 64.78±23.30%; p<.05; ES=1.10) y con una menor frecuencia de presión adversaria (48.67±21.77% vs 64.18±20.88%; p<.05; ES=.0.68) que las mujeres. En cuanto al desarrollo, los hombres registraron posesiones con más duración (18.48±6.58 vs 15.14±6.01 segundos: p<.05; ES=0.51), mayor proporción de ataques combinativos (30.83±16.55% vs 20.55±16.87%; p<.05; ES=0.54), asi como más pases por posesión (6.36±2.41 vs 4.48±2.08; p<0.05; ES=0.77) y una mayor velocidad en el ritmo de pases (un pase cada 3.27±0.58 vs 4.01±0.80 segundos; p<.05; ES=0.94) que las mujeres. Como conclusión, exiten diferencias tácticas entre el fútbol masculino y femenino durante el inicio y el desarrollo de las posesiones en la UEFA Champions League, mientras que no se han observado diferencias en el final de las posesiones.

Observational Analysis of Corner Kicks in High-Level Football: A Mixed Methods Study

Corner kicks are one of the most important set pieces in high-level football. The present study aimed to analyze the evolution of the tactical approach to corner kicks in high-performance football. For this, a total of 1704 corner kicks executed in the 192 matches corresponding to the 2010, 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups were analyzed. To achieve the proposed objectives, the observational methodology was used. The results show an evolution in the mode of execution of these actions, but instead the success rate remains low. The log-linear test allowed to find significant relationships between some of the most important categorical variables in these actions: match status, number of intervening attackers and time. The decision tree models show that the number of players involved in these actions is the criterion that presents the greatest information gain. These results corroborate previous multivariate studies, although more research is still needed. Finally, the results of the present study can be used by coaches to create different training situations where success in this type of action can be enhanced.

Concordancia consensuada en metodología observacional

En metodología observacional, para abordar la fiabilidad de los datos ya registrados, suele recurrirse a coeficientes de concordancia, coeficientes de correlación o a la teoría de la generalizabilidad; además, cada vez está tomando mayor protagonismo la concordancia consensuada. Esta forma de concordancia trata de lograr la coincidencia entre los observadores antes del registro. A pesar de su creciente presencia en estudios observacionales, son pocos los trabajos que han profundizado en el desarrollo y optimización de esta forma cualitativa de concordancia. El presente trabajo, además de constituirse en un ejemplo de la utilización de la concordancia por consenso, ha comparado el resultado obtenido (tiempo empleado y ajuste con el registro ideal) por grupos de consenso formados por diferente número de integrantes (dos, tres y cuatro observadores). No se han encontrado diferencias significativas al comparar los grupos de concordancia por consenso de dos, tres y cuatro integrantes, ni en relación al tiempo empleado en el registro, ni en lo relativo al porcentaje de acuerdo con el registro ideal. La determinación del tamaño muestral necesario para obtener diferencias significativas entre los grupos, ha permitido elevar conclusiones en términos de eficiencia. The reliability of datasets in observational methodology is typically tested using coefficients of agreement, correlation coefficients, or generalizability theory. Another increasingly popular method used to demonstrate the quality of data is the consensus agreement method, in which two or more observers agree on their coding decisions while creating the dataset. Although the consensus agreement method is being increasingly used in observational studies, few studies have conducted an in-depth analysis of how this qualitative procedure is approached or of how it can be optimized. In this study, in addition to presenting a practical example of the application of the consensus agreement method, we compare the results from three groups (of two, three, and four observers) to analyze performance in terms of time required to code the data and goodness of fit with respect to an optimal dataset. No significant differences were found between the three groups for either of the variables analyzed. Prior calculation of the sample size required to detect significant differences between the groups adds strength to our conclusions regarding the efficiency of the consensus agreement method. Na metodologia observacional, para lidar com a confiabilidade de dois dados já registrados, costumamos passar pelos coeficientes de concordância, coeficientes de correlação ou pela teoria da generalização. Além disso, a concordância consensual vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Esta forma de concordância tenta chegar a um acordo entre os observadores antes do registro. Apesar de sua crescente presença em estudos observacionais, poucos estudos se aprofundam no desenvolvimento e otimização de uma forma qualitativa de concordância. Ou apresentar trabalho, além de ser um exemplo do uso de concordância de consenso, comparação ou resultado obtido (tempo despendido e ajuste como registro ideal) por grupos de consenso formados por diferentes números de membros (dois, três e quatro observadores). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na comparação de dois grupos de concordância por consenso de dois, três e quatro membros, não em relação ao tempo gasto não registrado, mas em relação ao percentual de concordância conforme lista ideal. A determinação do tamanho dá a amostra necessária para obter diferenças significativas entre os grupos, permitindo-nos tirar conclusões em termos de eficiência.

Identification of the Patterns Produced in the Offensive Sequences That End in a Goal in European Futsal

Victory is the ultimate aim in high performance sports; when it comes to team sports, the goal is the key that allows players to achieve that victory. This is the case with futsal which, due to its internal structure as well as the speed in the development of its game, makes the achievement of a goal not an isolated event, but rather more than one goal must be scored to achieve victory. The aim of the present study is to analyze the construction of offensive sequences that have resulted in goal-scoring in the two main European futsal leagues, the Spanish and the Italian, as well as to identify the patterns relating to offensive actions that have ended with a goal being scored. Observational methodology was used to develop the research and an ad hoc observation instrument (OAF-I) was developed for this purpose. The data was analyzed using inferential statistics as well as sequential analysis of delays in a diachronic analysis to identify the patterns of offensive actions. The results obtained enable recognition of a league’s idiosyncrasy patterns in goal-scoring in each of the leagues studied. The results obtained will allow experts to have a better understanding of how goals are scored and how to establish more specific training tasks, in both attack and defense.

Effect of Ball Screen and One-on-One on the Level of Opposition and Effectiveness of Shots in the ACB

In light of the importance of shots on the final result in basketball matches, this research aims to reveal the predictive ability of variables associated with different game actions (ball screen, one-on-one near the basket and one-on-one far away from the basket), shot zone (near to or far from the basket) and players’ position (outside or inside) of the success of shots and of the type of shot, defended or not defended, in three seasons (2014 to 2016) of the Copa del Rey in the ACB (Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto) League in Spain. Observational methodology was used, and an ad hoc instrument was created using Lince software. The study was conducted on a total of 7695 game actions, of which an analysis of 877 shots was made using CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) classification trees. The results obtained in this research have led us to the following conclusions: (a) the most important variable in the success of shots is to find “open shots”, regardless of the game action, (b) one-on-one actions outside and inside the zone have a clear connection to the finishes of the plays and end up in defended shots, (c) shots by ball screen lead to more open shots than in one-on-one and (d) play with passes may facilitate to find “open shots”. These results can be of interest for coaches to prepare their teams in the best possible way, but they must be interpreted with caution as the sample was very specific (Copa del Rey in the ACB League) and, therefore, it is necessary to continue investigating this topic in other competition contexts.

What works in the Socratic debate? An analysis of verbal behaviour interaction during cognitive restructuring

Background: Cognitive restructuring is one of the most complex application procedures in psychotherapy. It is widely used by psychologists from different orientations. However, the guidelines on how to apply it do not usually have empirical evidence and there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of change that explain it. Aims: The analysis of verbalizations that therapists emit during the Socratic method could help to better understand the functioning and strategies of effective debates. Method: In this study, specific verbal interaction sequences were analysed using observational methodology. The sample consisted of 113 Socratic questioning fragments belonging to 18 clinical cases, treated by behavioural therapists. Results: Among other findings, it was found that using questioning together with certain previous verbalizations directed the client’s response more effectively and those successful debates were characterized by using the aversive component in a frequent and contingent way. Conclusion: This study shows the most effective way to establish such an interaction in the Socratic method (following a style closer to Ellis’s argumentative debate), which entails relevant practical applications in therapy.

Repercusiones defensivas del ataque sin portera en el balonmano femenino europeo de élite (Defensive repercussions of the attack without a goalkeeper in European elite womens handball)

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la eficacia de las secuencias de ataque utilizando el cambio de portera - jugadora de campo y sus consecuencias en la siguiente fase defensiva en el balonmano femenino de élite. Se utilizó la metodología observacional. Se empleó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 571 secuencias de ataque de 50 partidos pertenecientes a la EHF Champions League 2018-2019 de balonmano femenino. Se elaboró un instrumento observacional ad hoc que presenta la combinación de formato de campo y sistemas de categorías. La calidad del dato fue probada mediante concordancia inter e intra observadores. Los resultados destacan que el principal motivo por el cual se hizo uso de la regla que posibilita el cambio portera-jugadora fue mantener la igualdad numérica luego de haber sufrido una sanción disciplinaria, y en menor medida para generar superioridad numérica 7x6. La eficacia presentó los valores más altos cuando se utilizó para generar superioridad numérica. Las situaciones de igualdad numérica 6x6 arrojaron peores valores tanto en eficacia lanzamiento como en pérdidas de pelota. Se concluye que los equipos al atacar con portería vacía asumen un riesgo importante de recibir un gol de forma rápida si el ataque no finaliza en gol, ya que las consecuencias defensivas inmediatas están directamente relacionadas con la eficacia en la fase de ataque. Abstract. The objective of this research was to analyze the efficacy of the attack sequences performance using the goalkeeper-field player change and its consequences in the following defensive phase in the women´s handball elite. The observational methodology was used. The observational design was punctual, nomothetic and multidimensional. The sample was 571 attack sequences from 50 matches from EHF Women´s Handball Champion League 2018-2019. An ad hoc observational instrument was developed that presents the combination of field format and category systems. The quality of data was tested by inter and intra observer agreement. The results highlight that the main reason why the rule that makes the goalkeeper-field player change possible was used was to maintain numerical equality after having suffered a disciplinary sanction, and to a less extent to generate 7x6 numerical superiority. The effectiveness presented the highest values when used to generate numerical superiority. The 6x6 numerical equality situations throw worse values in both shooting efficacy and lost balls. It is concluded that the teams assume a significant risk of receiving a goal quickly if the attack does not end in goal, since the immediate defensive consequences are directly related to the effectiveness in the attack phase.