Application of spatial- and diachronic-process analysis of landscape development in Central Lika, Croatia from 1980 to 2012

The paper presents structural features and the process and intensity of landscape changes in the Central Lika Region of Croatia, in the transitional, post-socialist and post-war periods (1980–2012). The aim of this paper is to analyse regularities and interrelations between the changes in structural features and the intensity of the processes that cause change. By using GIS spatial analysis methods, the shape, position, and condition of landscape patches were defined for each year. The diachronic process analysis, with the application of a specially-developed index — the Landscape Development Index (di) — made it possible to determine the intensity of development of individual landscape elements. The landscape was observed using the concept of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and, for this purpose, data from the CORINE Land Cover database were used for 1980 and 2012. The results showed fragmentation and an increase in the number and complexity of patches, as well as a decrease of the core patch area. Consequently, the increase of the share of edge areas has increased vulnerability to external influences and changes. Applying the Landscape Development Index (di) showed advantages compared to a standard comparison of the two conditions or synthetic indices, enabling the intensity of each observed phenomenon/process to be determined, and allowing for deeper spatial and temporal analysis as well as better understanding of landscape development.

Influence of early spring feeding on the development of bee families in the natural lands of Polissya

To ensure intensive early spring development of bee colonies in the natural lands of Polissya Zhytomyr region in the winter-spring period it is necessary to feed stimulating food. Therefore, the aim of the work is to study the influence of spring feeding with sugar-honey dough on the development and honey productivity of bee families of Ukrainian breed in conditions of clean and radioactively contaminated natural lands of Zhytomyr Polissya. The influence of feeding bee colonies with sugar-honey dough (powdered sugar, centrifuged honey, water) using pure and radioactively contaminated honey on the intensity of development and honey productivity was studied. To do this, two groups were created with experimental families of Ukrainian bee breeds, selected on the principle of analogs, one of which was in a radioactively clean area, and the other in radioactively contaminated soils 137 Cs within 15 Ki/km² and above. A comparative assessment of the early spring development of families was made: from March 16 to May 20, with an interval of 21 days, the number of open and sealed brood, egg production of queens during the honey harvest season was determined. Honey productivity at the honey harvest from natural lands was determined by the amount of honey obtained in spring and summer. Early spring feeding with sugar-honey dough promotes intensive development of families, and the content of radioactively contaminated honey does not have a negative impact on their development. After the end of the season of honey collection from natural lands, bee families of Ukrainian breed, both in the radioactively contaminated and clean zone, had a medium strength and could successfully overwinter.

Absorption Rate as a Tool for Assessing the Dynamics of Development Activity

Research background: An assessment of the dynamics of the development of the housing market is critical for development activity and the institutions that finance it. Due to the capital intensity of development projects, it seems necessary to perform detailed analyses to be sure that the investment will find buyers and to know how much time it will take for this undertaking to be sold. The absorption rate reports it. Purpose: The aim of the article is, therefore, to verify the importance of the absorption rate in assessing the dynamics of property market development based on the example of housing development activity in Łódź. Research methodology: To achieve the aim, in the empirical part of the article, information on developers’ investments in Łódź was independently collected, and based on them, absorption ratios for several periods were estimated. Results: The study showed dynamic changes in the absorption rate, as well as its diversity depending on the type of building and location. That is why it is so important to analyze this indicator in developers’ activity, where the risk of recovering the capital engaged is very high. Novelty: In Poland, there are few publications on the given topic, and the existing analyses of the absorption rate in Poland, prepared for the largest Polish cities, do not include the division into specific locations or the type of real estate, which is why they are not sufficiently reliable information for developers.

Experiential Density: Infill strategies within Toronto's Centres - Bringing Human Scale, Character, and Walkability

A variety of approaches are being used to accommodate Toronto’s growing population. Most of these solutions rely on high-rise and mid-rise developments, emphasizing the quantity of density instead of the quality. However, this thesis focuses on blocks of slab towers, and explores how the perception of an environment and intensity of development can form an experiential density. Introducing new public and pedestrian orientated spaces to the neglected land between apartment towers to improve the experience of urban blocks also offers open space to increase the density in Toronto’s designated growth areas. To achieve this new environment, urban blocks containing clusters of slab towers will be fragmented into walkable distances; scaled outdoor spaces will activate the neglected park; infill will increase density and define outdoor spaces; and transitional areas will mediate the public and private realm, all to bring life into the block and improve experience of urban density.

Experiential Density: Infill strategies within Toronto's Centres - Bringing Human Scale, Character, and Walkability

A variety of approaches are being used to accommodate Toronto’s growing population. Most of these solutions rely on high-rise and mid-rise developments, emphasizing the quantity of density instead of the quality. However, this thesis focuses on blocks of slab towers, and explores how the perception of an environment and intensity of development can form an experiential density. Introducing new public and pedestrian orientated spaces to the neglected land between apartment towers to improve the experience of urban blocks also offers open space to increase the density in Toronto’s designated growth areas. To achieve this new environment, urban blocks containing clusters of slab towers will be fragmented into walkable distances; scaled outdoor spaces will activate the neglected park; infill will increase density and define outdoor spaces; and transitional areas will mediate the public and private realm, all to bring life into the block and improve experience of urban density.

FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS OF CASTLE STRUCTURES ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SMALL CITIES IF THE PODILLYA OFTHE XVI-XVII CENTURIES

The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated. The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.

Combined tillage with elements of Strip-till technology for maize in the Ciscaucasian zone

Relevance. The combined method of the main tillage, using certain methods of influence on the cultivated layer, forms a certain soil density. During the growing season of corn for grain, this indicator changes depending on the seasonal soil moisture and the intensity of the development of the root system of the plant, which is ultimately related to the yield of the crop. Material and method. The objects of research are two systems of basic tillage for corn for grain according to the predecessor winter wheat in the zone of unstable moisture of the Stavropol Territory using a dump and a combined method of basic tillage with elements of Strip-till technology. Soil: southern calcareous chernozem, slightly humus. The functional dependence of soil density on the supply of productive moisture and the intensity of development of the root system of grain corn was established by the method of the theory of dimensions. The method of fractal geometry was used to determine the degree of filling the soil space with root systems of grain corn under various systems of basic tillage.Results and Conclusions. It was found that the density of the soil is in direct functional dependence on the supply of productive moisture in the cultivated soil layer and the intensity of development of plant roots. The soil density during the seeding and flowering periods is higher by the Strip-till technology in comparison with the traditional one on average over the years by 0.02 g / cm3 and 0.03 g / cm3, respectively, and the moisture reserve in the spring period with Strip-till is 12 mm. The intensity of development of the root system according to the indicator D with the Strip-till system (1.58) by 0.31 units, more than with recommended processing (D = 1.27). The yield of corn for grain using the Strip-till technology is on average 0.22 t / g higher than with the recommended one, at a lower cost by 2395 rubles / ha.

PREVALENCE OF WHITE ROT IN VINEYARDS OF ROSTOV REGION

Information is provided on the prevalence and intensity of development of white rot on plants of different vine varieties during the growing season 2019–2020. It was found that the intensity of development of white rot var-ied from year to year. The meteorological conditions in 2019 contributed to the in-creased harmfulness of white rot: hot weather in June with air temperatures up to 37.2 °C, causing sunburn in plants, as well as moder-ately hot weather in July with frequent, albeit abundant precipitation, contributed to the de-velopment of white rot on plants of unstable varieties. In 2020, the intensity of infection by the pathogen did not exceed 1 point in most varieties, since the decrease in the harm-fulness of white rot in 2020 was facilitated not only by the corresponding meteorological conditions, but also by timely protective treatment of plants against white rot. Signs of white rot both in 2019 and in 2020 were ob-served in varieties: Riesling Reinsky, Olkhov-sky, Neizvestniy Donskoy, Krasnostop Zolotovsky. The absence of signs of damage by the phytopathogen was noted in the varie-ties: Burgunskiy, Buriy, Nakutvneuli, Pocha-tochniy, Tavrosi, Tashkentsky.

Telemetry Tracking During Directional Drilling

The article discusses the main features of the organization of telemetry in directional drilling. The constant increase in the complexity of the conditions for the development and operation of fields, oil and gas production, an increase in the intensity of development of already explored fields due to horizontal and cluster drilling required a significant increase in the requirements for the accuracy of diagnostics and active control of the spatial position of the field. In general, the accuracy of measurements and the efficiency of their processing largely determine the cost of well construction. Directional drilling is one of the well construction methods. The most effective directional drilling application is the development of fields located in water areas, in swampy or rugged terrain, where the construction of drilling rigs may violate the requirements for environmental protection and environmental safety. Directional drilling is also widely used in the creation of relief wells for killing blowouts, for forming multilateral wells or deviating the lower part of the well along the productive horizon in order to increase drainage. Well profiles may vary, but the top of the deviated wellbore must be vertical, followed by a deviation of the calculated azimuth. Therefore, the main task of the telemetry system in directional drilling is to constantly monitor the planned trajectory, as well as to maintain the bit trajectory within the corridor that runs inside the open formation.