scholarly journals Absorption Rate as a Tool for Assessing the Dynamics of Development Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Agata Antczak-Stępniak
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Know How ◽  
Intensity Of Development ◽  
The Given ◽  
Very High

Abstract Research background: An assessment of the dynamics of the development of the housing market is critical for development activity and the institutions that finance it. Due to the capital intensity of development projects, it seems necessary to perform detailed analyses to be sure that the investment will find buyers and to know how much time it will take for this undertaking to be sold. The absorption rate reports it. Purpose: The aim of the article is, therefore, to verify the importance of the absorption rate in assessing the dynamics of property market development based on the example of housing development activity in Łódź. Research methodology: To achieve the aim, in the empirical part of the article, information on developers’ investments in Łódź was independently collected, and based on them, absorption ratios for several periods were estimated. Results: The study showed dynamic changes in the absorption rate, as well as its diversity depending on the type of building and location. That is why it is so important to analyze this indicator in developers’ activity, where the risk of recovering the capital engaged is very high. Novelty: In Poland, there are few publications on the given topic, and the existing analyses of the absorption rate in Poland, prepared for the largest Polish cities, do not include the division into specific locations or the type of real estate, which is why they are not sufficiently reliable information for developers.

scholarly journals A Market Analysis in Development Activity. The Problem of the Availability of Statistical Data in European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Agata Antczak-Stępniak
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Residential Market

Abstract Development activity is primarily characterized by high capital intensity. Developers implementing a venture in the residential market make use of not only their own funds but also capital from potential buyers. Therefore, developers should carefully analyze the markets in which they intend to conduct their business activity. This particularly applies to developers operating on an international scale. Local developers often understand the market situation in a given area enough to be able to successfully assess whether their products will find buyers. Foreign developers, however, deciding in which country and subsequently, in which region, to start their business activity, should base their analysis on reliable statistical data concerning demand, supply, prices, and the absorption rate. The aim of the article is therefore to assess the availability of statistical data necessary for conducting a market analysis for the needs of development activity in individual countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom.

Development Financing under Constraints: A Decade of African Development Bank. By Ime Ekop Ebong. Bonn-Bad Godesberg: Verlag Neue Sesellschaft GmbH. 1974. 172 pp.(special Issue No. 8 of the Vierteljahresberichte.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
M.A. Behzad
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
African Development ◽  
Know How ◽  
African Development Bank ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
The Given

Development Financing under Constraints, as the author himself puts it, is 'aimed to recapitulate the spirit in which the African Development Bank was founded, describe how it later functioned and why it functioned the way it did'. The study is an excellent attempt to highlight economic cooperation and integ¬ration and to discuss its rationale in view of the given constraints. The main idea behind the establishment of an institution, like the African Develop¬ment Bank (ADB), was necessarily an 'all-African Investment Bank' to promote development projects. The newly independent nations of Africa, lacking as they are in the basic infrastructure, are beset with difficulties in surviving as economically viable units. As such, the need for a pooling of resources and for technical know-how is particularly imperative

Growth Characteristics of Activated Sludges Acclimated to para-Nitrophenol in Batch and Continuous Modes

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 327-333
Author(s):  
Y. Matsui ◽  
F. Yamaguchi ◽  
Y. Suwa ◽  
Y. Urushigawa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Continuous Mode ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
The Given ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Sensitive Group

Activated sludges were acclimated to p-nitrophenol (PNP) in two operational modes, a batch and a continuous. The operational mode of the PNP acclimation of activated sludges strongly affected the physiological characteristics of predominant microorganisms responsible for PNP degradation. Predominant PNP degraders in the sludge in batch mode (Sludge B) had lower PNP affinity and were relatively insensitive to PNP concentration. Those of the sludge in continuous mode (Sludge C), on the other hand, had very high PNP affinity and were sensitive to PNP. MPN enumeration of PNP degraders in sludge B and C using media with different PNP concentrations (0.05, 0.2,0.5 and 2.0 mM) supported the above results. Medium with 0.2 mM of PNP did not recover PNP degraders in sludge C well, while it recovered PNP degraders in sludge B as well as the medium with 0.05 mM did. When switching from one operational mode to the other, the predominant population in sludge B shifted to the sensitive group, but that of sludge C did not shift at the given loading of PNP, showing relative resistance to inhibitive concentration.

scholarly journals The Urban Environment Impact of Climate Change Study and Proposal of the City Micro-Environment Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4096
Author(s):  
Jozefína Pokrývková ◽  
Ľuboš Jurík ◽  
Lenka Lackóová ◽  
Klaudia Halászová ◽  
Richard Hanzlík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Aging Infrastructure ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Rainwater Management ◽  
The Given ◽  
The City ◽  
Very High

The water management of cities and villages faces many challenges. Aging infrastructure systems operate for many years after their theoretical lifetime (operation) with a very high need for reconstruction and repair. The solution is proper rainwater management. The investigated area is part of the cadastral area of the Nitra city. This article is based on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) as tools in proposing water retention measures that are needed to improve the microenvironment of the city. We proceeded in several steps, which consisted of area analysis, survey, surface runoff calculations in urbanized areas, proposal of a suitable solution for given location. For real possibilities of rainwater management procedures, a new site on the outskirts of the city was selected. In the given locality, it was possible to use water infiltration as a solution. The locality has suitable conditions of land ownership, pedological conditions, the slope of the area and also the interest of the inhabitants in the ecological solution. The outlined study indicates the need to continue research on the reliability of rainwater management practices.

scholarly journals STRATEGI GURU DALAM MENGOPTIMALKAN KECERDASAN MAJEMUK DI SEKOLAH DASAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Robiatul Munajah ◽  
Asep Supena
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Know How ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Different Levels

The success of students in learning does not only depend on their own abilities. Several factors that can give effect need to be optimized. The teacher's strategy is very meaningful to optimize students' multiple intelligences according to the indicators that each student has. Every child in this world has various intelligences in different levels and indicators. This shows that all children, by nature, are intelligent. The difference lies in the level and indicators of intelligence. These differences are determined by various factors. One of them is the stimulation given when children learn in the learning process carried out by the teacher. The difference in intelligence among students demands a fair and existential way of thinking of educators. This research is a literature review to see more specifically the teacher's strategy in optimizing multiple intelligences in elementary schools based on research reference sources and books. Good educators are able to detect children's intelligence by observing the behavior, tendencies, interests, ways and qualities of children when reacting to the given stimulus. All indicators of intelligence can be recognized by educators to then make a profile of intelligence. Therefore, every teacher should know how to develop the intelligence of their students, by identifying each indicator of children's intelligence and realizing the importance of developing all the intelligences of their students. 

Property development activities: value creation or distraction for REITs?

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woei Chyuan Wong ◽  
Joseph T.L. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tobin’S Q ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Tobin's Q ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Run Up

PurposeThis paper examines the evolution and impact of property development activities on REIT performance. The paper provides insights on whether REITs should venture into property development in addition to their core-business of holding income producing properties.Design/methodology/approachThis paper charts and highlights the evolution of development activities of US REITs from 1992 to 2020. The Tobin's Q of property developing REITs and non-property developing REITs are compared using univariate analysis.FindingsDevelopment activities of US REITs grew dramatically during the run up to global financial crisis (GFC) in 2008. The level of development activities has dropped since the GFC and it has not return to its pre-crisis peak. In comparison, development activities of listed property investment companies and homebuilders are less volatile over the same period. The data reveals that property developing REITs enjoy significantly higher Tobin's Q as compared to their non-developing counterparts.Practical implicationsOur graphical evidence from a market without development restriction suggests that development restriction in other REIT regimes has it value in limit REITs' excessive risk-taking tendency during a booming property market. The positive relationship between Tobin's Q and the existence of property development activity support the value creation of this business activity to REITs.Originality/valueThis paper raises overbuilding as a potential cause of the underperformance of the REIT sector during the GFC.

Corrigendum - Effect of local advection on evaporation rate and plant water status.

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
BD Millar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Very High

The effects of local advection on the evaporation rate (E) and the relative turgidity (RT) of Ladino clover grown in lysimeters were measured at four distances down wind from the leading edge of a small irrigated field adjoining a drier area. Both E and RT decreased with increasing distance down wind from the leading edge, and were directly proportional to powers of the down-wind dimension (x). Presumably plant growth rate may also depend on the distance down wind.Plants near the leading edge showed early afternoon wilt during a mild day in autumn, although soil moisture content was very high. This is in keeping with the concept of a "ceiling absorption rate". Some agronomic implications of these advective effects are discussed.

Mathematical model of the artificial muscle with two actuators

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440622094156
Author(s):  
Ljubinko B Kevac ◽  
Mirjana M Filipovic ◽  
Ana M Djuric
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Proportional Derivative Controller ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Given ◽  
Very High

Characteristic construction of cable-suspended parallel robot of artificial muscle, which presents an artificial forearm, is analyzed and synthesized. Novel results were achieved and presented. Results presented in this paper were initially driven to recognize and mathematically define undefined geometric relations of the artificial forearm since it was found that they strongly affect the dynamic response of this system. It gets more complicated when one has more complex system, which uses more artificial muscle subsystems, since these subsystems couple and system becomes more unstable. Unmodeled or insufficiently modeled dynamics can strongly affect the system’s instability. Because of that, the construction of this system and its new mathematical model are defined and presented in this paper. Generally, it can be said that the analysis of geometry of selected mechanism is the first step and very important step to establish the structural stability of these systems. This system is driven with two actuators, which need to work in a coordinated fashion. The aim of this paper is to show the importance of the geometry of this solution, which then strongly affects the system’s kinematics and dynamics. To determine the complexity of this system, it was presumed that system has rigid cables. Idea is to show the importance of good defined geometry of the system, which gives good basis for the definition of mathematical model of the system. Novel program package AMCO, artificial muscle contribution, was defined for the validation of the mathematical model of the system and for choice of its parameters. Sensitivity of the system to certain parameters is very high and hence analysis of this system needs to be done with a lot of caution. Some parameters are very influential on the possible implementation of the given task of the system. Only after choosing the parameters and checking the system through certain simulation results, control structure can be defined. In this paper, proportional–derivative controller was chosen.

scholarly journals Painkillers among people aged 20-30 according to questionnaires

E-methodology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
KATARZYNA CIECIORA ◽  
ROKSANA PAPIERKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Real Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Know How ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Wide Access ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of

Aim. Painkillers are one of the most widespread drugs on the pharmaceutical market, individual analgesics belong to the OTC (over-the-counter drug) group, which are also available outside pharmacies. The universality and wide availability of painkillers posea real problem of medication errors. The aim of the study was to examine the attitude of people aged 20-30 to taking painkillers and to examine the level of knowledge of the respondents about them.Method. The study involved 70 people aged 20-30 who voluntarily fi lled in an original electronic questionnaire, which included the attitude of people of this age to taking  medications and questions assessing their knowledge about the medications they take. It included questions about the type of drugs taken, frequency, intensity of pain at which the respondents took analgesics and knowledge about possible adverse effects in the case of long-term use of analgesics or their overdose. The most numerous age group were people aged 20-30, they constituted 55.7% of the respondents. People aged 24-27 accounted for 24.3%, while 20% were people aged 28-30. Most respondents showed that their current place of residence is a city with over 500,000 inhabitants. Most of the respondents had secondary education and it amounted to 51.4%.Results and conclusion. As many as 85.7% of people take painkillers. 35.7% of the respondents take medication once a month, while 34.3% take medication less frequently than once a month. 60.9% of people know the effects of chronic overuse of painkillers, butas many as 39.1% of respondents have a knowledge defi cit in this regard. The study found that 89.9% of people aged 20-30 know how to safely use painkillers, only 10.1% do not know in this regard. Most people in this age group use drugs when the intensity of pain is 4, which means that the most numerous group of people takes drugs when the intensity of pain is very high. This indicates that drugs are not taken without necessity, which results in their chronic non-use, as a result of which the risk of side effectscaused by overuse of painkillers is minimised. The study showed that 35.7% take painkillers once a month and 34.3% less than oncea month. Mostly women take medication once a month, this could possibly be associated with menstrual pain. The survey shows that 60.9% of people know the effects of chronic overuse of painkillers. It follows that most of the respondents know the consequences ofoverusing painkillers, but a large proportion of people in this age group show a defi cit of knowledge about what is dangerous to their health, therefore it is necessary to educate people aged 20-30 years in this regard.Cognitive value. The conducted research shows the attitude of young people toward painkillers. The cognitive value is the selection of a specifi c research group which from an early age, has the possibility to observe easy and wide access to analgesics.

scholarly journals Penerapan Visual Basic for Application (VBA) Sebagai Alat Bantu Ajar Enkripsi dan Dekripsi DES

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Yasri Yasri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Basic ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Teaching Model ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Encryption Decryption ◽  
The Given ◽  
Visual Basic For Application ◽  
Very High

The DES encryption/decryption algorithm is quite a popular algorithm due to ease in learning. Calculations for DES using binary numbers however are very difficult, including 16 rounds required for a full encode. Teaching DES encryption manually is difficult since it requires a long time. It also requires high accuracy for the 64-bit binary numbers, the possibility of mistakes are very high. Besides, the students cannot perform self-check, whether the given task is done correctly. Application of Excel and VBA is used to facilitate observation, comparison, and understanding the DES algorithm. The result is a teaching model using DES for modern encryption. 

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