Gaze and speech behavior in parent–child interactions: The role of conflict and cooperation

A primary mode of human social behavior is face-to-face interaction. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of gaze and its relation to speech behavior during video-mediated face-to-face interactions between parents and their preadolescent children. 81 parent–child dyads engaged in conversations about cooperative and conflictive family topics. We used a dual-eye tracking setup that is capable of concurrently recording eye movements, frontal video, and audio from two conversational partners. Our results show that children spoke more in the cooperation-scenario whereas parents spoke more in the conflict-scenario. Parents gazed slightly more at the eyes of their children in the conflict-scenario compared to the cooperation-scenario. Both parents and children looked more at the other's mouth region while listening compared to while speaking. Results are discussed in terms of the role that parents and children take during cooperative and conflictive interactions and how gaze behavior may support and coordinate such interactions.

Facial Emotions over Static Facial Images Using Deep Learning Techniques with Hysterical Interpretation

Recognition of facial expression has many potential applications that have attracted the researcher’s attention during the last decade. Taking out of features, is an important step in the analysis of expression that contributes to a quick and accurate recognition of expression, i.e., happiness, surprise and disgust, sadness, anger, and fear are expressions of the faces. Facial expressions are most frequently used to interpret human emotions. Two categories contain a range of different emotions: positive emotions and non-positive emotions. Face Detection, Extraction, Classification, and Recognition are major steps used in the proposed system. The proposed segmentation techniques are applied and compared to determine which method is appropriate for splitting the mouth region, and then the mouth region can be extracted using techniques for stretching contrasts and segmenting the image. After the extraction of the mouth area, the facial emotions are graded in the face picture region of the extracted mouth based on white pixel values. The Supervisory Learning Approach is widely used for face identification algorithms and it takes more computation time and effort. It may also give incorrect class labels in the classification process. For this reason, supervised learning and reinforcement learning is being used. In general, it will be like a trial-and-error method that is, in the training process it tries to learn and produce expected results. It was specified accordingly. Reinforcement learning always tries to enhance the results.

Composition of the genus Loricella (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Loricidae) and the description of two new species

The genus chiton Loricella is revised. It comprises nine species. Two of these species, L. neoguinensis n. sp. and L. solomonensis n. sp., are described as new. Based on the analysis of morphological features studied using a scanning electron microscope, a revised diagnosis of the genus is provided. The characters diagnostic for this that distinguish it from the related genus Squamophora are as follows: a tubular hollow inside the dorsal scales, bristles on the dorsal side of the girdle, a wide ventral mouth region, a narrow mantle fold covered with simple longitudinally ribbed scales, smooth ventral scales, pits arranged in longitudinal rows in the central area of the tegmentum, and a bicuspid head of the major lateral teeth of the radula.

Visual attention toward emotional stimuli: Anxiety symptoms correspond to distinct gaze patterns

Decades of research have established a link between emotional disorders and attentional biases for emotional stimuli, but the relationship between symptom severity and visual attention is still not fully understood. Depression has been associated with increased attention towards dysphoric stimuli and decreased attention on positive stimuli (“negativity bias”), and some studies have also shown this trend in anxiety disorders. We examined eye fixation variables in 47 participants with emotional disorders completing an emotion recognition task. Results showed that depression severity was not associated with increased fixations on dysphoric stimuli, however, higher levels of generalized anxiety predicted increased fixations in the mouth region of sad and happy faces. Higher levels of social interaction anxiety predicted reduced fixations in the eye region of happy faces. While we did not replicate the negativity bias that has been shown in prior studies, our sample was highly comorbid, indicating the need to consider comorbidity, disorder severity, and the task itself when conducting research on visual attention in clinical samples. Additionally, more attention should be paid to the mouth region of emotional faces, as it may provide more specific information regarding the visual processing of emotions.

Polypide anatomy of hornerid bryozoans (Stenolaemata: Cyclostomatida)

Bryozoans are small colonial coelomates whose colonies are made of individual modules (zooids). Like most coelomate animals, bryozoans have a characteristic body wall composition, including epidermis, extracellular matrix (ECM) and coelothelium, all pressed together. The order Cyclostomatida, however, presents the most striking deviation, in which the ECM and the corresponding coelothelium underlying major parts of the skeletal wall epidermis are “;peeled off” to form an independent membranous sac. The polypide anatomy and ultrastructure of this group is best known from one family, the Crisiidae (Articulata). Here we examined four species from the phylogenetically and ecologically contrasting family Horneridae (Cancellata) from New Zealand. Here we provide the first detailed ultrastructural examination of the hornerid polypide, including tentacles, mouth region, digestive system and the funiculus. We were able to trace continuity and transitions of cell and ECM layers throughout the whole polypide. In addition we identified that the funiculus is a lumen-free ECM cord with two associated muscles, disconnected from interzooidal pores. While agreeing with the general cyclostomate body plan, hornerids have some unique traits that make them worthy of additional study.HighlightsHornerids share a general cyclostomate body plan. The frontal tentacle ECM transitions into oral sphincter ECM, the abfrontal lophophore ECM becomes a septum between coelomic compartments, and the funuculus is a solid ECM cord supplied with muscles.

The impact of facemasks on emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification

Covid-19 pandemics has fostered a pervasive use of facemasks all around the world. While they help in preventing infection, there are concerns related to the possible impact of facemasks on social communication. The present study investigates how emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification of faces differ when faces are seen without mask, with a standard medical facemask, and with a transparent facemask restoring visual access to the mouth region. Our results show that, in contrast to standard medical facemasks, transparent masks significantly spare the capability to recognize emotional expressions. Moreover, transparent masks spare the capability to infer trustworthiness from faces with respect to standard medical facemasks which, in turn, dampen the perceived untrustworthiness of faces. Remarkably, while transparent masks (unlike standard masks) do not impair emotion recognition and trust attribution, they seemingly do impair the subsequent re-identification of the same, unmasked, face (like standard masks). Taken together, this evidence supports a dissociation between mechanisms sustaining emotion and identity processing. This study represents a pivotal step in the much-needed analysis of face reading when the lower portion of the face is occluded by a facemask.

Projeções da temperatura da superfície na bacia hidrográfica do rio Tietê – SP para o final do Século XXI

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Tietê tem sido afetada por mudanças em seu uso e cobertura do solo, principalmente às margens do rio Tietê, que influenciam diretamente a temperatura da superfície (Ts). Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é caracterizar sazonalmente a Ts na referida bacia e apresentar projeções dessa variável obtidas com o modelo ETA em alta resolução (5 km) nos cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5 e considerando 3 intervalos temporais: 2006-2040, 2040-2070, 2070-2100. Até o final do século XXI algumas áreas da bacia do rio Tietê, bem como sua região de foz, poderão apresentar aumento de até 5º C (8º C) no período entre 2070 - 2100 do cenário RCP4.5 (8.5), o que pode impactar tanto as atividades econômicas quanto o cotidiano da população. Projections of surface temperature in the hydrographic basin of the Tietê river - SP for the end of the 21st century A B S T R A C TThe hydrographic basin of the Tietê river has been affected by changes in its use and land cover, mainly on its banks, which directly influence the surface temperature (Ts). In this context, the objective of the work is to seasonally characterize the Ts in the referred basin and present projections of this variable obtained with the ETA model in high resolution (5 km), under the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and considering 3-time slices: 2006-2040, 2040-2070, 2070-2100. Some calculations (such as climatological averages and bias) were necessary to understand the magnitude of the changes that have occurred and those that may occur. By the end of the 21st century, some areas of the Tietê river basin, as well as its mouth region, may show an increase of up to 5º C (8º C) in the period between 2070 - 2100 of the RCP4.5 (8.5) scenario, which may impact both economic activities and the daily lives of the population.Keywords: Climate Change; Hydrographic Basin; Sao Paulo