State Incentives and Sustainable Motivation System in the Health Sector

Now that the pandemic has entered the second phase, in which countries are adapting to the crisis, governments need to determine incentives that will contribute to the sustainability of the health system and human health. Regarding this, human resources are a significant factor, which affects the sustainability of any system, and it is important to establish a relevant motivation system that will withstand the challenges that society will face in the coming period. The aim of this paper is to analyse three dimensions of state incentives (employment program, COVID-19 bonus, training opportunities) and to examine their influence on healthcare workers’ motivation and the sustainability of the health system in the Republic of Serbia. The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 207 respondents employed in the tertiary level of healthcare. Data analysis included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). The research results confirmed the existence of all three incentives and indicated that state incentive “training opportunities” has the strongest effect on the motivation of health workers and the sustainability of the healthcare system.

MECHANISMS OF EFFECTIVE STATE INCENTIVES AND PRIORITIES FOR INVESTING IN THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

Due to the weak reform of Ukraine\'s economy and low level of investment attraction, its potential has significantly decreased, and the structure of the economy has acquired the features of agricultural and raw materials orientation. This approach makes it impossible to raise the living standards of Ukrainians. To change the situation, it is necessary to rethink the approaches of state regulation of economic processes, increase productivity, intensification and growth of production efficiency, active sale on world markets of goods and services made in Ukraine with higher added value. All this can be possible by attracting certain new technologies, know-how, innovations, and most importantly, investments, through which a favorable environment can be built. With this in mind, in order to attract investment and technology, the world practice is to initially focus on building institutions, infrastructure and implementing the best world standards in the rule of law, government regulation, education, science, medicine, etc. Only effective reforms to stimulate investment in the domestic economy can shift the process of renewal and qualitative growth of Ukraine\'s economy. To improve the investment climate and create a competitive Ukrainian economy, the priority measures should be the revision of domestic investment programs and similar measures in neighboring countries, the formation on this basis of an updated institutional mechanism to attract productive investment, establishing the rule of law by EU standards, cleansing law enforcement and government of corruption, optimization of the fiscal and tax mechanism for investors, renewal of infrastructure and introduction of system technological re-equipment. Implementation of the 10 proposed items, which relate to state incentives for investment activities, will help to systematically attract investment resources on a long-term basis. Another priority for public authorities should be the introduction of UAE-type industrial parks and innovation parks to strengthen the development of the domestic IT sector in major cities of Ukraine. This will allow Ukraine to develop the socio-economic environment faster and more efficiently and gradually, on a pragmatic basis, integrate into the EU.

Collapse in Fertility

Chapter 7 explores the links between precipitous declines in fertility rates in most countries and the economic, social, and psychosocial changes associated with transition. It shows how the transitional recession introduced a new level of economic uncertainty in postsocialist society, a major factor in family planning. The chapter describes how institutional and social changes influenced women’s individual decisions to delay or forgo childbearing altogether. It also shows how the elimination of robust state incentives for childbearing after 1989 altered the incentive structure for parenthood, while the privatization of child care and kindergartens, key maternal support structures, led to the closure of many. The implosion of maternal support structures, coupled with “refamilization” plans initiated by many postsocialist governments, pushed women out of the workforce, often depriving families of the resources to have a second child. This chapter also cites the growth of individualism and out-migration of young people as key factors for the decrease in fertility rates.

GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES TO INCREASE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

Аннотация В статье рассмотрено взаимодействие экономических субъектов и государства в цифровой экономике в вопросах повышения производительности труда. Представлены национальные проекты и их роль в кадровой политике. Проанализированы приоритетные направления государственного стимулирования повышения производительности труда в цифровой экономике. Annotation In the article, the author considers the interaction of economic entities and the state in the digital economy in terms of increasing labor productivity. National projects and their role in personnel policy are presented. The priority directions of state incentives for increasing labor productivity in the digital economy are analyzed.

Refining Estimates of Fuel-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emission Reductions Associated with California’s Clean Vehicle Rebate Project with Program Data and Other Case-Specific Inputs

This work refines and updates estimates of the fuel-cycle greenhouse-gas (GHG) emission impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) rebated in California. Emissions are estimated using disaggregated data from the start of the rebate program through August 2018 (N = 269,902 participants) and factors that characterize fuel use and fuel life-cycle carbon intensity. GHG reductions are calculated for the first year of vehicle operation and subsequently scaled to reflect various operational timeframes. GHG reduction estimates over the first year of vehicle ownership total approximately 855 thousand metric tons of CO2-equivalent emissions, or 3.2 tons per vehicle. For nonfleet individuals, 54% of reductions are associated with “Rebate-Essential” participants who were most highly influenced by the rebate to purchase/lease. Comparing the estimated warranty-life benefit of 7.9 million tons of GHG reductions to USD 603 million in corresponding rebates results in USD 76 of state incentives per metric ton reduced over the first 100,000/150,000 miles of rebated vehicle use. Uncertainty in estimates presents opportunities for further refinement using additional participant-specific, time-variant, or otherwise detailed inputs. Nevertheless, the contributions of this work increased average first-year GHG reductions per vehicle by 35–45% compared to previous work, demonstrating that use of program-derived data can enhance the understanding of EV impacts.

8.4. FINANCIAL SITUATION AND METHODS OF STATE INCENTIVES FOR MODERN SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

В статье раскрываются направления развития системы малых предприятий как основы государственной экономики, а также фокусируется внимание на ряде отрицательных моментов, которые деактивизируют малый бизнес, приводя к их ликвидации. В сложный кризисный период, когда субъекты малого бизнеса первыми оказались не готовы к экономической нестабильности, государство предлагает многокомпонентное решение в виде финансовых программ-поддержки. В статье выделены четыре группы программ, каждая из которых определяет свои приоритетные направления для активизации малых предприятий The article reveals the directions of development of the system of small enterprises as the basis of the state economy, and also focuses on a number of negative aspects that deactivate small businesses, leading to their liquidation. In a difficult crisis period, when small businesses were the first to be unprepared for economic instability, the state offers a multi-component solution in the form of financial support programs. The article identifies four groups of programs, each of which defines its priority areas for the activation of small businesses.

Improvement of organization of ecological housing construction in the Moscow region

The paper substantiates that the development of ecological construction in Russia is currently progressing at an insufficiently high rate, which is primarily due to the lack of effective systemic support from the state at the legislative and executive levels. The author emphasizes that without the formation of a proper legislative base and state programs that stimulate ecological construction, all attempts to build by introducing innovative ecological solutions will not give the expected effect. The need for state incentives for business entities in the residential real estate market, the creation of legal and economic mechanisms that will be the engine of ecological housing construction in modern Russia is argued as a development perspective for the segment of the national economy studied in the work.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE INCENTIVE SYSTEM IN THE DOMESTIC LEGAL AND TECHNICAL PRACTICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The purpose of the article is to consider the history of the public administration system development in Russia via various aspects and features. The analysis and accounting of Russian historical expe-rience in building the integral system of state incentives in the context of the management vertical formation is very relevant today. The article presents the author's approach to the state incentives consideration in the context of the state awards institution, taking into account legal and technical regulation of this process in various regulatory legal acts. The purpose of the article is to consider the genesis of the state awards institution and its formalization in regulatory legal acts in the context of public administration functioning. The subject of the study is the Russian state awards system and the system of normative acts regulating the award mechanism, both considered in historical retro-spect. The authors summarize that the institute of state incentives as a mechanism of public admin-istration is in permanent development and, today, it is designed for stimulating state-significant activi-ties in various fields, and the award mechanism, having passed a long evolutionary period, is cur-rently regulated by a number of specialized regulatory legal acts of the federal and regional levels.