Genome wide association mapping for identification of QTL(S) underlying resistance to Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc.) in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.)”

Disease screening against Alternaria blight under field condition showed that, none was free from disease only 13 genotypes were found MR and 152 genotypes were found MS, 252 S and 3HS. The high estimate of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for YPP and SB., high estimate of broad sense heritability was recorded all characters except YPP. The genetics advance in per cent of mean was found high for PB, high heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for HPF. At phenotypic and genotypic level both YPP shoes highly significant and positive correlation. At phenotypic and genotypic level path coefficient reveled that in HPF, PL. The genotypes were grouped into eight different non overlapping cluster (five 115, three 100, six 84, one 78, seven 37 and three, two and four 1, eight 36 genotypes). The maximum and minimum inter cluster distance was between six, eight and one, three. One highest cluster mean for PH, MAT, and HPF and two (MAT, PH, HPF). Three (MAT, PH, HPF) four (MAT, PH, HPF) five (PH, MAT, HPF) six (MAT, PH, HPF) seven (MAT, HPF. PH), eight had no values due to reason no geminated or un survived plant and GWAS analysis of identified six significant association for Alternaria blight resistance on chromosome (A07, A09, A03, B07, B04, B03) respectively, This study showed that the diversity panel of Indian mustard identified QTLs for controlling of disease resistance against Alternaria blight in Indian mustard.

Reinhold Niebuhr

Despite his sharp criticism of Niebuhr in With the Grain of the Universe, the author of this chapter has a high estimate of Niebuhr’s legacy and of the Jamesian pragmatism that characterizes Niebuhr’s work as a whole. Langdon Gilkey offers a valuable record of the impact of Niebuhr’s energy and imagination on his contemporaries. His insights are compelling and carefully formulated, but they are often separable from the theological framework in which he located them. The continuing power of his insights into sin as pride and sensuality, and his understanding of the relationships between democracy and justice should not obscure the comparative absence of God and the Church from his theology.

Classification of Human Development Index Using K-Means

<p>Human development progress in Central Java. It is characterized by a continued rise in the human development index (HDI) of Central Java. HDI is an important indicator for measuring success in the effort to build the quality of human life. HDI explains how residents can access the development results in obtaining a long and healthy life, knowledge, education, decent standard of living and so on. HDI is affected by four factors, namely life expectancy, expected years of schooling, means years of schooling, and expenditure per capita. Currently the Central bureau of statistics do grouping HDI, using calculation formula then known how the value HDI each regency or city in Central Java. In this research we classified the regency or city in Central Java based on the HDI be high, middle, and under estimate area. We used cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is a multivariate technique which has the main purpose to classify objects based on their characteristics. Cluster analysis classifies the object, so that each object that has similar characteristics to be clumped into a single cluster (group). One of the cluster analysis method is <em>k</em>-means. The result of this research, there are three groups, high estimate area, middle estimate area, and under estimate area. The first group or the under estimate area contained 12 regencies, namely Cilacap, Purbalingga, Purworejo, Wonosobo, Grobogan, Blora, Rembang, Pati, Jepara, Demak, Pekalongan, and Brebes. The second group or the middle estimate area contained 8 regencies, namely Banjarnegara, Kebumen, Magelang, Temanggung, Wonogiri, Batang, Pemalang, and Tegal. The third group or the high estimate area contained 11 regencies, namely Banyumas, Kudus, Boyolali, Klaten, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Sragen, Semarang, Kendal, Surakarta, and Salatiga.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong> : </strong>cluster analysis, <em>k</em>-means, the human development index.</p>

Trends and Prospective Estimates of the Number of Households in the Russian Federation

According to the Law of the Russian Federation &ldquo;On the All-Russian Population Census&rdquo; (2002) a household is considered as a group of people living in a dwelling house, apartment or room, or part of a dwelling house or apartment that jointly provides itself with the necessary means of subsistence and which unites all or part of its income, or a person residing in a residential building, an apartment or a room, or a part of an apartment house or apartment and independently providing itself with the necessary means of subsistence.According to the calculations of 2009, based on Rosstat&rsquo;s forecast, the number of households in Russia was to make up from 52.5 million by the low estimate to 58.9 million by the high estimate in 2030. Like any forecast, these estimates require regular revision, refinement due to the appearance of new data.Based on the current trends in the development of households in the world and in Russia, the article attempts to provide updated estimates of changes in the number and structure of Russian households at the end of 2030.

Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India : Fair Rate of Return for Airports

An estimate of the fair rate of return on capital is a critical input into tariff regulation. A too high estimate will lead to high tariffs for consumers; a too low estimate will not provide adequate incentives for investment. The Airport Economic Regulatory Authority of India has issued a consultation paper for finalizing the norms and procedure for estimating the fair rate of return. It now needs to reconcile the differing view and approaches of different stakeholders.

Formation and growth of nucleated particles: observational constraints on cloud condensation nuclei budgets

Aerosol nucleation occurs frequently in the atmosphere and is an important source of particle number. Observations suggest that nucleated particles are capable of growing to sufficiently large sizes that they act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but some global models have reported that CCN concentrations are only modestly sensitive to large changes in nucleation rates. Here we present a novel approach for using long-term size distribution observations to evaluate the contribution of nucleation and growth to the tropospheric CCN budget. We derive from observations at five locations nucleation-relevant metrics such as nucleation rate of particles at diameter of 3 nm (J3), diameter growth rate (GR), particle survival probability (SP), condensation and coagulation sinks, and CCN formation rate. These quantities are also derived for a global microphysical model and compared to the observations on a daily basis to evaluate the model's CCN budget. Using the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol model we simulate nucleation events predicted by ternary (with a 10−5 tuning factor) or activation nucleation over one year and find that the model does not understate the contribution of boundary layer nucleation to CCN concentrations. Model-predicted annual-average formation rates of 50 nm and 100 nm particles due to nucleation are always within 50% and show a slight tendency to over-estimate the observations. Because it is rare for observations to track the growth of a nucleation mode across several days, it is difficult to assess CCN formation when growth requires multiple days. To address multi-day growth, we present three cases of survival of particles beyond one day: single-day growth, partial multi-day survival, and total multi-day survival. For the single-day growth case, only particles that reach a CCN size (50 or 100 nm) on the same day are counted as contributing to the CCN budget, which represents a low estimate of CCN attributable to nucleation. The partial survival case extrapolates the coagulation sink and growth rate allowing nucleated particles as much time as needed to become CCN and represents a realistic, but perhaps somewhat high, estimate for CCN formation from nucleation. The total survival case assumes that all particles that survive the first day, no matter their end-of-day size, will eventually become CCN and represents a high estimate of CCN formation from nucleation. On days that the growing nucleation mode reaches 100 nm, median single-day survival probabilities to 100 nm for the model and measurements range from less than 1% to 9% across the five locations we considered. At the upper end, total survival median survival probabilities to 100 nm are no greater than 36% and the partial survival case survival probabilities are 5 to 25%, depending on the site. Using growth rates, nucleation rates, coagulation rates, survival probabilities, and an assumed CCN lifetime, we calculate that annually averaged CN100 concentrations (a proxy for CCN) formed from single-day nucleation and growth events does not exceed 50 cm−3 in both the model and the measurements across the five locations, representing no more than 3% of total CN100. When we extrapolate growth and loss to include growth to CCN beyond the first day (partial survival case), we find that both the model and measurements show a higher but still modest contribution (up to 14%) to total CN100. This detailed exploration of new particle formation and growth dynamics adds support to the use of global models as tools for assessing the contribution of microphysical processes such as nucleation to the total number and CCN budget.

Aspects of reception of classical heritage in biography of despot Stefan Lazarevic of Constantine the Philosopher

The reception of the classical book heritage in the Biography of Despot Stefan Lazarevic of Constantine the Philosopher (of Kostenec) is noticed through the conspicuous reminiscences on classical antiquity, but it is also manifested through the use of artistic procedures of classical literature and the author?s high estimate of the accomplishment of pre-Christian Greek thought. In the first two types of classicism Constantine surpasses other medieval Serbian writers, while in the third he is unique among them, so his relying on classical tradition in this work is the result both of literary conventions caused by the choice of the genre of secular biography and of his belonging to the most liberal section of medieval Christian intellectuals.

Estimates of Numbers of Civilians Treated with Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation in the United States

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was used 35 to 50 years ago for treatment of hearing loss, chronic ear infections, asthma, and other conditions. I reviewed the medical literature for published articles on the nonmilitary use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. Four years have minimum documented numbers of radium applicators in use (1946, 600; 1948, 1000; 1958, 2000; 1961, 2000). Two levels of physician use were assumed, a high estimate of 25 patients per week and a low estimate of 5 patients per week. It was assumed that physicians used the applicators 50 weeks per year. Typical treatments involved two applicators at a time (one for each nostril) for three sessions. Using a formula reflecting the number of applicators in use, the number of patients a physician would treat in a week, the number of weeks in a year an applicator would be used, and the number of applicators and sessions per patient. I then estimated the number of children who might have been treated. This estimate is that approximately 500,000 to 2.5 million persons might have been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Because the lack of documentation for numerous parts of the equation required that I make a large number of assumptions, this estimate should be considered a rough approximation of the number of civilians treated.