Behind the Scenes

Chapter 5 looks at the behind-the-scenes maneuvering by senators on three bills debated and voted on in 2013: the debt-ceiling bill known commonly as “No Budget, No Pay,” the “Gang of Eight” comprehensive immigration reform bill, and an agriculture bill. It looks at interview data collected in 2013 from legislative directors for nineteen senators examining responses to how much time and effort legislators put into each bill and their overall satisfaction of the outcome. While conventional wisdom would expect to see moderates prioritize the No Budget No Pay Act and the immigration bill, spending most of their time and resources on these bills and report satisfaction with each bill’s final content and legislative process, I find that on average, moderate respondents were less likely to report satisfaction with the overall outcome of the legislative process, despite the time and effort put into the process.

Rubric for the evaluation of competencies in traumatology in the Degree of Physiotherapy: Delphi approach

Background In health professions, the curriculum that must be met in order to obtain the academic certificate is based on the development of the so-called competencies. The broad content of the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy has led to the creation of multiple types of evaluation, which makes it difficult for faculty members to reach a consensus on competencies. The aim of this study was to develop and validate content of a rubric for the evaluation of acquired competencies related to physiotherapeutic performance and intervention in traumatology within the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy. Methods Following the Delphi methodology, a group of experts from all over the Spanish territory participated in the study. Through on-line questionnaires, several sequential rounds were established, alternated by controlled feedback until obtaining a consensus in the opinion of the experts, which allowed elaborating the final rubric. Results Initially, 16 experts were contacted, of whom 10 worked and completed the final content of the rubric. For the 3 rounds that were conducted, the initial 142 interventions of the initial proposition, which correspond to specific competencies, were reduced to the final 29 items that compose the specific evaluation rubric presented in this study. Conclusions This rubric is an evaluation instrument with valid content for the assessment of specific competencies of Traumatology in the Practicum of the Degree of Physiotherapy.

Comparison of acid degumming methods and their influence on the formation of 3-MCPD-esters and glycidyl esters in sunflower oil deodorization

Degumming is the first stage in processing of vegetable oils, and it is aimed at removing phospholipids. The article compares the results of degumming by phosphoric and citric acids, their effects on the extraction of calcium and magnesium ions from oils, these ions being the main components of nonhydratable phospholipids. We showed the appropriateness of combining citric and succinic acids (the final content of phospholipids in oil was 0.034%, whereas it was equal to 0.048% when citric acid was used) and citric and ascorbic acids (the final content of phospholipids in oil was 0.040%). We studied the effect of acid degumming on the formation of 3-MCPD-esters and glycidyl esters. The content of glycidyl esters after degumming with citric acid and phosphoric acid was 310 g kg–1 and 200 g kg–1, respectively. After degumming with citric acid and phosphoric acid, the content of 3-MCPD-esters in the deodorized oil was 680 g kg–1 and 470 g kg–1, respectively. On the contrary, aqueous degumming does not increase the content of these esters in the deodorized sunflower oil (the content is less than 100 g kg–1) and its implementation can be recommended as one of the ways to prevent the formation of these toxic substances during deodorization.

Dietary Fiber Profiling of Different Parts of Burmese Grape (Baccaurea ramiflora) and Their Application

The present study was conducted aiming at isolation and profiling of the crude dietary fiber (DF) (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) from different parts (seed and peel) of the Burmese grape; a local fruit containing numerous health benefits. The extracted and purified fiber was added to yogurt and the sensory quality of the potential prebiotic yogurt was assessed. Major parts of the Burmese grape are seed, peel, and pulp with a calculated portion of around 19.44%, 36.11%, and 44.45% respectively of the whole fruit. Alcohol Insoluble Solids (AIS) were isolated and found at a level of 51.80% and 72.48% in the seed and peel respectively. The polysaccharides of the AISs were fractionated by extracting sequentially with suitable solvents into cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose were found to be 38%, 11.56%, and 40% from the peel and 21.24%, 23.36%, and 36.92% from the seed respectively. The extracted crude DF was then purified and the final content of the pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose in the peel was found as 7.63%, 2.92%, and 32.19% and in seed 3.04%, 1.26%, and 6.34% respectively. Among all the extracted and purified DF, the hemicellulose content was the lowest and the cellulose content was the highest both in peel and seed. The purified DF was added to yogurt at a level of 0%, 1%, 1.3%, and 1.5%, to prepare a control and three potential prebiotic yogurt samples. Despite having potential health benefits of prebiotic yogurt, participated panelists preferred control one during sensory evaluation compared to the dietary fiber added yogurt.

What can one receive from philosophy and pedagogy? (Reflections on the courage of the spirit and eminence of the soul)

It is evident that the separate examination of the two concepts mentioned in the title offers one many approaches, thus scrutinising them together would widen further the possibilities. The scope of analysis must necessarily be narrowed; in the followings, I shall touch upon some bits and pieces of these two categories: one of the characteristics of philosophy and pedagogy, one of their decisive particularities in accordance with my own views. I think that both philosophy and pedagogy bear such a final content, positive inner “voice”, one could say “buzzword” that can be an orientation point in the whole of the pedagogical and educational work. (Furthermore, it can also be related to politics, science and everyday interactio). Critical reflexivity and the virtue of goodness shall be discussed.

Part II History: Fact and Fiction, 5 Section 4: Creation, Evolution, and Approval

The immediate impetus for the Twenty-Fifth Amendment was President Eisenhower’s leadership in the wake of his health problems. After the Kennedy assassination, Senator Birch Bayh led the effort to enact the Twenty-Fifth Amendment. Section 4 underwent many changes before arriving at its final content in 1965 (it was ratified in 1967). These changes shed important light on what the framers intended Section 4 to accomplish, and what limits they intended it to have. The chapter includes a table that traces the evolution of individual parts of Section 4. It concludes with an examination of the framers’ intentions regarding specific issues discussed elsewhere in the book: the overall purpose of Section 4; how Section 4 interplays with the impeachment process; the roles of its decision-makers; technical details; and the tradeoffs between encouraging reluctant Vice Presidents and empowering power-hungry ones.

Degradations of tannin and saponin during co-composting of shell and seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel

The degradation processes were studied in this paper of tannin and saponin during the co-composting of the shell and seed cake ofCamellia oleiferaAbel. Four treatments were designed with the dry weight of the seed cake accounting for 1/3(A1), 1/4(A2), 1/5(A3), and 1/10(A4) of the shell. The proportion of the seed cake is positively correlated with the duration of thermophilic phase, highest temperature and degradation rate of tannin and saponin whose maximum were in A1, but negatively correlated with C/N ratio and tannin content which were least in A1 of the final products. The content of saponin were all about 2% finally. The final content of saponin and tannin decreased 68.92-75.22% and 34.57-59.52%. The organic matters, total nutrient (N, P2O5and K2O) increased with the rising proportion of the seed cake. Overall, the addition of the seed cake promoted the stability, fertilizer efficiency and safety of the co-compost product.

Parboiling of sorghum grains as a strategy to improve endosperm yield and mineral content of refined flours

The aims were (i) to optimize the parboiling/decorticating process by assessing the effects of parboiling soaking temperature (60–80 ℃) and pearling time (4–6 min and 5.5–9.5 min for red and white sorghum) on endosperm yield and ash content, to obtain pregelatinized refined flours from parboiling sorghum (RF-PS) and (ii) to evaluate the final content of selected nutrients in RF-PS obtained in these optimal conditions. Endosperm yield decreased with the increase of pearling time, and a maximum around 70 ℃ soaking temperature was observed. Ash content decreased with increasing soaking temperature and pearling time. The optimal conditions of soaking temperature–pearling time were 73.3 ℃–4.8 min for red sorghum and 67.9 ℃–8.6 min for white sorghum, considering maximum endosperm yield and ash content lower than 0.65 g/100 g. In RF-PS obtained under optimal conditions, protein, lipid, Cu, and free polyphenols were higher in red sorghum than white sorghum (10.16 ± 0.62 vs. 9.42 ± 0.61 g/100 g, 0.89 ± 0.16 vs. 0.62 ± 0.11 g/100 g, 2.08 ± 0.21 vs. 1.88 ± 0.20 mg/kg, 79.51 ± 14.51 vs. 63.82 ± 4.33 mg/100 g). Fe, Zn, Ca, and Na were higher in white sorghum than red sorghum (20.61 ± 2.92 vs. 17.56 ± 0.98 mg/kg, 11.94 ± 0.84 vs. 9.58 ± 1.65 mg/kg, 87.45 ± 12.91 vs. 75.31 ± 12.57 mg/kg, 129.62 ± 9.03 vs. 102.69 ± 28.34 mg/kg). No difference was observed in the contents of ash, Mg, and K. It was possible to improve endosperm yield using a parboiling process prior to decortication. In addition, this process contributes to increase the mineral content in RF-PS.

DRYING OF ASAM GELUGUR (GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS) USING SOLAR DRYING SYSTEM/PENGERINGAN ASAM GELUGUR (GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS) MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM PENGERING SURIA

Asam keping in the market are usually dried using conventional methods. A Portable solar drying system for rural community has been designed and tested for drying of garcinia atroviridis under Malaysia climate condition. The initial moisture content of garcinia atroviridis was 90% in wet basis. After drying, these products were used for seasoning in cooking. The final content moisture after using this solar drying system was 4.4%. The pore size for both samples was seen using an electron microscope with 500 times magnification. The biggest pore size for drying using the solar drying system is 28.4μm which is larger and more than conventional drying that around 13 µm. The pore size is an indicator of the dehydrated material and the heat supplied deeper.