scholarly journals Degradations of tannin and saponin during co-composting of shell and seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinping Zhang ◽  
Yue Ying ◽  
Xiaohua Yao
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Final Content ◽  
The Stability

AbstractThe degradation processes were studied in this paper of tannin and saponin during the co-composting of the shell and seed cake ofCamellia oleiferaAbel. Four treatments were designed with the dry weight of the seed cake accounting for 1/3(A1), 1/4(A2), 1/5(A3), and 1/10(A4) of the shell. The proportion of the seed cake is positively correlated with the duration of thermophilic phase, highest temperature and degradation rate of tannin and saponin whose maximum were in A1, but negatively correlated with C/N ratio and tannin content which were least in A1 of the final products. The content of saponin were all about 2% finally. The final content of saponin and tannin decreased 68.92-75.22% and 34.57-59.52%. The organic matters, total nutrient (N, P2O5and K2O) increased with the rising proportion of the seed cake. Overall, the addition of the seed cake promoted the stability, fertilizer efficiency and safety of the co-compost product.

scholarly journals Degradations of tannin and saponin and changes in nutrition during co-composting of shell and seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2721-2734
Author(s):  
Jinping Zhang ◽  
Yue Ying ◽  
Xiaohua Yao ◽  
Weihua Huang ◽  
Xiangsheng Tao
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Shell Weight ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Degradation Rates

The degradation processes of tannin and saponin were studied during co-composting of the shell and seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel. Four treatments were designed, with the dry weight of the seed cake accounting for 30% (A1), 25% (A2), 20% (A3), and 10% (A4) of the shell weight. During the composting, the duration and the highest temperature of the thermophilic phase were positively correlated with the addition proportion of seed cake. The degradation rates of tannin and saponin were positively correlated with the addition proportion of seed cake, but the C/N ratio and final tannin content were negatively correlated with it. The saponin content ultimately contributed to approximately 2% of the final compost mass. The final content of saponin and tannin decreased by 68.9 to75.2% and 34.6 to 59.5%. The organic matter and total nutrient content (N, P2O5, and K2O) increased with the increasing proportion of seed cake. An addition proportion of 30% of Camellia oleifera seed cake is recommended to produce homogenous compost. Overall, the addition of the seed cake promoted the maturity, fertilizer quality, and safety of the co-compost product.

Distribution of Acidity and Alkalinity on Degraded Manuscripts Containing Iron Gall Ink

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Marín ◽  
Maria Carme Sistach ◽  
Jessica Jiménez ◽  
Miguel Clemente ◽  
Guillem Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Alkaline Reserve ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Stability

AbstractLong-time preservation of manuscripts depends on the stability of their support. One of the most important degradation processes of paper manuscripts containing iron gall ink is the acid hydrolysis of cellulose. The heterogeneity of the distribution of their constituent materials, together with the defined position of ink as a source of degradation agents, makes it difficult to obtain reliable and detailed information about degradation processes. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the acid degradation process by looking at the distribution of relevant variables (pH, acidity and alkaline reserve) on real untreated iron gall ink containing manuscripts at different degradation stages. The study discusses the well-known differences between surface and cold extraction pH determination. It corroborates the relationship between pH, acidity and alkalinity and degradation stages, pointing out that acidity values for some manuscripts in apparent good condition are not far from those obtained for degraded manuscripts. The results indicate that in some partially degraded manuscripts, the coexistence of acid areas and areas with an alkaline reserve which do not participate in the neutralization process is possible. The role of water as a solvent for this equilibrium has also been evaluated.

scholarly journals The Effect of Bacillus licheniformis MH48 on Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases and Growth Promotion of Camellia oleifera Seedlings in the Coastal Reclaimed Land of Korea

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Jae Won ◽  
Jun-Hyeok Kwon ◽  
Dong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Young-Sang Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Reclaimed Land

This study investigated the control of foliar fungal diseases and growth promotion of Camellia oleifera seedlings in coastal reclaimed land through the use of Bacillus licheniformis MH48. B. licheniformis MH48 can produce lytic enzymes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase that can inhibit foliar pathogens by 37.4 to 50.5%. Nevertheless, foliar diseases appeared in the seedlings with bacterial inoculation, and their survival rate decreased because they were unable to withstand salt stress. However, B. licheniformis MH48 significantly increased the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the soils through fixing atmospheric nitrogen and solubilizing phosphorus. The growth of seedlings with bacterial inoculation increased, particularly in root dry weight, by 7.42 g plant−1, which was 1.7-fold greater than that of the control. B. licheniformis MH48 produces the phytohormone auxin, which potentially stimulates seedling root growth. C. oleifera seedlings significantly increased in total nitrogen content to 317.57 mg plant−1 and total phosphorus content to 46.86 mg plant−1. Our results revealed the effectiveness of B. licheniformis MH48 not only in the control of foliar fungal diseases but also in the growth promotion of C. oleifera seedlings in coastal lands.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ultrasound, Oxygen and Sunlight on the Stability of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajun Zeng ◽  
Huanhua Xu ◽  
Yu Cai ◽  
Yan Xuan ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Periodontal Infection ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ultrasonic Conditions

(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), is the main catechin found in green tea, and has several beneficial effects. This study investigated the stability of EGCG aqueous solution under different stored and ultrasonic conditions to determine whether it can be used with an ultrasonic dental scaler to treat periodontal infection. Four concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 2 mg/mL) of EGCG aqueous solution were prepared and stored under four different conditions (A: Exposed to neither sunlight nor air, B: Exposed to sunlight, but not air, C: Not exposed to sunlight, but air, D: Exposed to sunlight and air) for two days. The degradation rate of EGCG was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On the other hand, an ultrasonic dental scaler was used to atomize the EGCG solution under four different conditions (a: Exposed to neither air nor sunlight, b: Not exposed to air, but sunlight, c: Not exposed to sunlight, but air, d: Exposed to air and sunlight), the degradation of EGCG was measured by HPLC. We found that the stability of EGCG was concentration-dependent in water at room temperature. Both sunlight and oxygen influenced the stability of EGCG, and oxygen had a more pronounced effect on stability of EGCG than sunlight. The most important conclusion was that the ultrasound may accelerate the degradation of EGCG due to the presence of oxygen and sunlight, but not because of the ultrasonic vibration. Thus, EGCG aqueous solution has the potential to be used through an ultrasonic dental scaler to treat periodontal infection in the future.

Photodegradation kinetics of alkyd paints: the influence of varying amounts of inorganic pigments on the stability of the synthetic binder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pagnin ◽  
Rita Wiesinger ◽  
Manfred Schreiner
Keyword(s):  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Inorganic Pigments ◽  
Inorganic Pigment ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Degradation Reactions ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Nowadays, understanding the degradation processes of artworks exposed to outdoor conditions is essential in order to conserve these objects. In fact, the continuous climate changes risk to increasingly affecting their chemical-physical stability, especially for modern and contemporary ones. For this purpose, in this study, the kinetics of photo-oxidation processes occurring in synthetic binders and their stability in mixtures with different inorganic pigments were investigated. The aim was not only to characterize the different degradation reactions over time but to study the photodegradation kinetics according to the different pigments and pigment/binder ratio (P/BM) chosen. A total of 9 paint samples were prepared by mixing the inorganic pigments (artificial ultramarine blue, hydrated chromium oxide green, and cadmium yellow) with alkyd resin, in three different pigment/binder (P/BM) ratios: 1:2, 1:3, and 1:6. The paint samples were exposed to artificial sunlight for up to 1008 h, documented by optical 3D microscopy and analysed by Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and colourimetry every 168 hours. The results obtained demonstrate that the degradation processes of alkyd resin are influenced by the different inorganic pigment used and its amount/concentration in the mixtures. Evaluation of these different deterioration mechanisms took into account the morphological/colour changes, the chemical reactions, and the physical properties of the materials. This study should contribute to the field of conservation-restoration, such as finding protection strategies for surfaces from degradation agents.

scholarly journals Structure and functional properties of protein from defatted Camellia oleifera seed cake: Effect of hydrogen peroxide decolorization

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1283-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Long Yao ◽  
Wei He ◽  
You-Gen Wu ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Xin-Wen Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Seed Cake

scholarly journals Optimization of aerobic composting process of Camallia oleifera Seed Cake and its fertilizer efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 1549 ◽  
pp. 022102
Author(s):  
Hualin Hu ◽  
Guanqiang Li ◽  
Junrong Song ◽  
Fuxiao Wei ◽  
Chao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Aerobic Composting ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Composting Process

scholarly journals Journal of Food Quality Thermal Degradation of Plum Anthocyanins: Comparison of Kinetics from Simple to Natural Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Turturică ◽  
Nicoleta Stănciuc ◽  
Claudia Mureșan ◽  
Gabriela Râpeanu ◽  
Constantin Croitoru
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Stability

The stability of anthocyanin was assessed over a temperature range of 50–120°C in different simulated plum juices in order to compare the thermal behavior in the presence of certain compounds. The results were correlated with the antioxidant activity and intrinsic fluorescence spectra. The results suggested significant changes, especially at higher temperature; hence, increase in the fluorescence intensity and some bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts were observed. Anthocyanins in natural matrices presented the highest rate for degradation, followed by the anthocyanins in juices with sugars. Values of the activation energies were 42.40 ± 6.87 kJ/mol for the degradation in water, 40.70 ± 4.25 kJ/mol for the juices with citric acid, 23.03 ± 3.53 kJ/mol for the juices containing sugars, 35.99 ± 3.60 kJ/mol for simulated juices with mixture, and 14.19 ± 2.39 kJ/mol for natural juices. A protective effect of sugars was evidenced, whereas in natural matrices, the degradation rate constant showed lower temperature dependence.

scholarly journals Influence of the degree of soil organic matter lability on the calcium carbonate equilibrium of soil water

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
S. Kužel ◽  
L. Kolář ◽  
J. Gergel ◽  
J. Peterka ◽  
J. Borová-Batt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Langelier Saturation Index ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbonate Equilibrium

: In average samples of three sandy-loamy acid Cambisols from a South Bohemian area labile organic matters were determined by the permangate method modified by the dichromate method, and the rate constant of their biochemical oxidation was determined in hot water extracts of the samples. The need of liming was determined by means of 2 methods. In soil solutions of these samples, all values necessary to evaluate their calcium carbonate equilibriums were determined. The soil samples were enriched with 3% of dry matter of two organic materials, farmyard manure and meadow clover meal, and were incubated at 25&deg;C for 180 days under wetting above 50% of their retention water capacity, and after this procedure all analyses were repeated. Both methods were found to increase the need of liming in all three soils: the more labile the organic matter in 3% addition, the higher the need. The meadow clover matter was more labile than the farmyard manure matter. All three methods for the study of soil carbon lability yielded similar results while the potassium permanganate method was more sensitive than the dichromate one. Increases were observed in equilibrium [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>* )] and in Langelier saturation index I<sub>s</sub>. This means that soil liming cannot be considered only as an adjustment to the soil acidity and supply of calcium to plants to meet their requirements, but also as a replacement of the spontaneous adjustment to calcium carbonate equilibrium of soil water, for which through mineralisation of labile organic matters in conditions of our experiment about 220 kg CaCO<sub>3</sub> per hectare of land were consumed on condition that it was not necessary to re-establish it. The process of Ca-compound consumption to establish the calcium carbonate equilibrium is controlled exclusively by the degree of mineralising organic matters lability while the influence of soil properties is only marginal. The same results were provided by the comparison of calcium carbonate equilibriums in nine &Scaron;umava brooks of the total watershed area 78 564 km<sup>2</sup> with the degree of lability of organic matters in their sediments in 1986, 2001 and 2004. A reduction in the intensity of agricultural production in 1986&ndash;2004 resulted in an increase in the stability of organic matters in the sediments, in a decrease in I<sub>s</sub>, and in a lower corrosivity of brooks water towards CaCO<sup>3</sup>. However, the quality of soils and their potential soil fertility decreased due to the loss of labile organic matters.

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