Sequential Applications of Synthetic Auxins and Glufosinate for Escaped Palmer Amaranth Control

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the influence of sequence and timing of synthetic auxins and glufosinate on large Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control. Field studies were performed in Henry County, AL where treatments were applied to Palmer amaranth with average heights of 37 and 59 cm in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Sequential applications of 2,4-D/dicamba + glyphosate followed by (fb) glufosinate at labeled rates 3 or 7 days after initial treatment (DAIT) were used in addition to the reverse sequence with a 7-day interval. Time intervals of 3 or 7 days between applications did not influence Palmer amaranth control. Palmer amaranth was controlled 100% by dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT in 2018. However, herbicide performance was reduced due to delayed application and taller plants in 2019 with up to 23% less visual injury. To further investigate Palmer amaranth response to dicamba and glufosinate applied sequentially, a greenhouse study was conducted in 2019 where physiological measurements were recorded over a 35-day period. Treatments were applied to Palmer amaranth averaging 38 cm tall and included dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT, the reverse sequence, and a single application of dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate. Glufosinate severely inhibited mid-day photosynthesis compared to dicamba with up to 90% reductions in CO2 assimilation 1 DAIT. In general, Palmer amaranth respiration and stomatal conductance were not affected by herbicides in this study. Applications of dicamba + glyphosate fb glufosinate 7 DAIT was the only treatment hindered Palmer amaranth regrowth with 52% reduction in leaf biomass compared to nontreated control. These data suggest Palmer amaranth infested fields are more likely to be rescued with sequential applications of synthetic auxins and glufosinate, but consistent control of large Palmer is not probable.

Evaluation of Runner-Type Peanut Cultivar Tolerance to Paraquat Tank Mixes

ABSTRACT Herbicide tank mixes are often used to reduce peanut injury caused by paraquat and broaden the weed control spectrum. New peanut cultivars are continuously being introduced therefore determining tolerance to paraquat based herbicide programs is essential to provide growers with appropriate recommendations. The objective of this trial was to evaluate effect of paraquat based herbicide programs on newer peanut cultivars growth and yield. Field trials were conducted in Macon, Henry and Baldwin counties in Alabama in 2016 and 2017 and the peanut cultivars ‘Georgia 06G', ‘Georgia 12Y', ‘Georgia 14N', and ‘TufRunner 511’ were evaluated. Paraquat was applied alone (210, 280, 420 g ai/ha), in tank mixes with either bentazon plus acifluorfen or 2,4-DB and one of the following, S-metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, acetochlor, or pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone at the highest labeled rates 3 to 4 wk after peanut planting. No cultivar by treatment interactions were observed for any growth parameters evaluated for any location. In 2017, paraquat either applied at 280 g ai/ha alone, tank mixed with S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, or with S-metolachlor plus bentazon plus acifluorfen significantly reduced canopy widths of 22 to 30%, 12 to 22%, and 20 to 37% respectively at 45 to 48 DAP when compared to the non-treated check (NTC). Yield reductions compared to the NTC were rare, paraquat plus bentazon plus acifluorfen plus pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone had a 13% yield loss in Henry County and a 7% yield loss with paraquat 280 g ai/ha at Baldwin County in 2016 only. Data indicates peanut stunting may be observed following applications of paraquat tank mixes evaluated in this study, but it is unlikely these effects result in yield loss.

Manifesto: frente de libertação do fazendeiro irado

Wendell Berry nasceu em 1934 em Henry County, Kentucky (EUA), onde mora com sua família em uma fazenda. É poeta, romancista, ensaísta, crítico cultural, ativista e fazendeiro; no começo dos anos 1960, foi professor universitário. Seu trabalho literário explora fundamentalmente a relação entre sujeito e lugar em um contexto rural ”“ tema presente também em seus ensaios e em seu trabalho de ativismo. Já recebeu numerosos prêmios por sua obra. Sua poesia une traços da écloga e da poesia didática, sem abdicar de aspectos políticos. O poema que ora apresentamos em tradução ”“ “Manifesto: the mad farmer liberation front”, do livro The Country of Marriage (1973) ”“ exemplifica bem a veia política de Berry, calcada em uma peculiar ironia e uma dicção direta, assim como o universo rural de onde emanam as personagens, cenários e problemáticas exploradas pelo poeta.

Darnell Arnoult

Author and educator Darnell Arnoult was born and reared in Henry County, Virginia. After earning a BA in American studies with a concentration in folklore at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, she received an MA from North Carolina State University and an MFA from the University of Memphis. She has released two volumes of poetry, ...

Wendell Berry

Although Wendell Berry is often thought of as Appalachian, he comes from western Kentucky. He has written about Appalachia, however, and his importance to the region is great. Berry was born in 1934 in Henry County in western Kentucky. He earned degrees in English at the University of Kentucky and studied creative writing with Wallace Stegner at Stanford University. After teaching at New York University’s Bronx campus, he moved back to Kentucky with his wife and children, and in 1965 began farming in Henry County. For many years he taught creative writing at the University of Kentucky....

Blue Ridge Breakdown

This chapter examines African American square dancing traditions in Martinsville, Henry County, Southwest Virginia. It tells the story of African American dances in Martinsville from the perspective of four people who were central to it through much of the twentieth century: fiddler Leonard Bowles and his wife, dancer Naomi Bowles, and caller Ernest Brooks and his wife. The chapter begins with a historical background on African American old time dancing in the Appalachian region, along with Martinsville and its black community. It then considers the old breakdown, first in the 1930s and 1940s and then in 1978, as well as its connection to the agrarian lifestyle in which it thrived. It also discusses the relationship between music and dance in Martinsville, the decline of the old breakdown, and the factors that brought new life to old time dancing during the 1970s and 1980s and beyond. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the future prospects for African American dancing traditions, including the old breakdown, in Martinsville.

Identification of a Tall Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Biotype Resistant to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides, Atrazine, and Thifensulfuron in Iowa

Seeds of a putative 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide–resistant tall waterhemp biotype from Henry County, IA, were collected from a seed corn field in fall 2009 after plants were not controlled following a POST application of mesotrione plus atrazine. The response of this biotype to various herbicide modes of action was evaluated in greenhouse and field tests. Under greenhouse conditions, the suspect biotype showed an eightfold decrease in sensitivity to mesotrione with a 50% control rate of 21 g ha−1compared with 2.7 g ha−1for the susceptible biotype. The biotype also had a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity to atrazine and a 28-fold decrease in sensitivity to thifensulfuron. Under field conditions, tall waterhemp was not controlled POST at the label rate of 1,100 g ha−1of atrazine. Tall waterhemp control was less than 60% at the label rates of three commonly used POST HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in seed corn: 105 g ha−1of mesotrione, 92 g ha−1of tembotrione, or 18 g ha−1of topramezone. Thus, this new tall waterhemp biotype is resistant to three herbicide modes of action: HPPD inhibitors, photosystem-II inhibitors, and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.