The Ego Phenomenon and the Doping Problem in Sport: A Historical Conceptual Analysis

The concept of ego has various meanings in the field of psychology, depending on the paradigmatic and theoretical framework point of departure. The ego phenomenon as operationalized and measured in the theoretical framework of goal orientation will be the contextual framework for a historical conceptual analysis. In the past three decades, research in the theoretical framework of goal orientation has revealed a positive relationship between ego involvement and the tendency to use the prohibited substances to enhance performance in sport. The concept of the ego phenomenon as operationalized within goal orientation theory and meanings attached to the concept can be connected to the historic oriental writings that were written ~2,500 years ago. These attached meanings to the ego phenomenon include elements of extreme competitiveness and outcome orientation, as well as social comparisons and the external norms for the measurement of success and failure. These meanings can be traced back to the classical works involving the Bhagavad Gita, the Tao Te Ching, and the Eastern Origins of Mindfulness that are part of the broader Buddhist philosophical system. Meister Eckhart, a 12th century German theologian, in his significant contribution on the analysis of the having mode as opposed to the being mode also provides insight into the ego phenomenon that can explain why the ego phenomenon can be linked to some of the deeper psychological motives of using the prohibited substances. The researchers in psychology do not yet have a full understanding of why certain athletes dope or have a susceptibility to use the prohibited substances or performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) and thus the motivation for this historical conceptual analysis of the ego phenomenon. Therefore, this article aimed to deepen the understanding of psychological motives of the athletes who exhibit tendencies toward cheating in general and the proclivity to use the prohibited substances.

The German Context: School Turnaround in Ten Schools in Difficult Circumstances: The Need for Adaptive and Contextualized Approaches to Development and Change

In this chapter, we report on the research findings from a school development project which took place in a large city in Germany over a period of 5 years. In 2013, the central educational authorities formed a public-private partnership with a foundation to start a development project that was inspired by school turnaround models in the US and included various interventions and efforts to support change in ten schools that were identified as ‘schools in difficult circumstances’. As such, the adapted school turnaround model serves as an example of introducing policies or models in school systems that have proven to be successful elsewhere. In this chapter, we present findings from our analysis of the changes taking place in the schools related to efforts and interventions to support the schools. Moreover, we discuss challenges regarding measurement of success according to the school turnaround logic and the need for more adaptive approaches for changing and developing schools in difficult circumstances - at least a long-term perspective on school development.

Examining Heterogeneity of Food Fortification and Biofortification Business Models: Emerging Evidence for a Typology

Efforts to address Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been gaining pace in recent years. Commodities such as staple foods (e.g., cereals, roots, and tubers) and condiments (e.g., salt) have been targeted as ‘vehicles’ for fortification and biofortification through numerous projects and initiatives. To date, there have been mixed experiences with delivery and coverage with very little documented on the range of business models applied in different geographies, business conditions and polities and this makes classification and measurement of success and failure difficult. This research aims to address this gap in knowledge through proposing a typology that clarifies similarities (internal heterogeneity) and differences (external heterogeneity) between models and that can allow all types to be defined by the combination of attributes. Building on a comprehensive literature review; NVivo was used to code initiatives from 34 key references (955 cases in total) which have been grouped into 17 categories. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) we find evidence of four business model groupings that typify fortification initiatives: (1) Large-scale private, unregulated, (2) Mixed-Scale, private, unregulated (3) Large-scale, public-private, regulated; and (4) Large-scale, private, regulated. We characterise these four groups with country examples and suggest that this typology can help the discourse around viability of food fortification initiatives.

EVALUATION OF TOURISM MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PUNCAK SOSOK AS DESTINATION OF NIGHT TOURISM IN BANTUL

As a night tourist destination that is unique and has great potential, Puncak Sosok requires an evaluation of Puncak Sosok's marketing communications. The formulation of the problem in this research is how to evaluate marketing communication conducted by Puncak Sosok managers. The purpose of this research is to describe and to find out the evaluation of Puncak Sosok marketing communication and the supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation. This research uses eight main marketing communication models by Kotler and the PII (Preparation, Implementation, Impact) evaluation model by Cutlip-Center-Broom with a qualitative approach. The results of the evaluation on the preparation aspect are conformity with the objectives and background where fluctuations in visits, but there are no details number of the tourist targets so that the measurement of success is not detailed. Evaluation on the implementation aspect are that most of the programs have been running well, but there are problems such as social media creativity and the absence of tour packages and authentic Puncak Sosok products. Impact evaluation results on most programs have had a positive impact such as the number of media publications and known as a typical night tourism destination with live music. Nevertheless, some programs are still ineffective and need to be improved, such as direct marketing and personal selling programs, which have less impact on attracting tourists. Supporting factors are the relationship that exists with the media and stakeholders, while the lack of innovation and knowledge of human resources in marketing and media use become inhibiting factors.

Analysis of Business Internal Factors that Impact the profit of IT Entrepreneurship

the aim of this study is to find out the impact of business internal factors towards the business profit for IT entrepreneurships in Bangalore. We have taken the sample size from 200 companies of Bangalore. We have undertaken the internal factors like IT management skill, organization culture, leadership, project implementation experience, technical, marketing, business cash flow, physical asset, HR function, organization maturity into the consideration. We have taken the business profit and business profit as measurement of success factors for the business. During study it was identified that certain business internal factors i.e. organizational culture, business leader’s skill, technical skill, marketing skill, organization maturity and cash flow has significant impact on business success. Whereas other factors social acceptance of business, social culture, supply of local workforce, demography, business location, climate, law and order, corruption has no impact of significance on IT entrepreneurship’s profit.

Entrepreneurship Development Factors which has impact on profit of IT Entrepreneurship

The aim of this study is to find out the impact of Entrepreneurial Development factors towards the business growth for IT entrepreneurships in Bangalore. Sample is collected from 200 individuals associated with IT entrepreneurships of Bangalore. We have undertaken the 15 entrepreneurship development factors which effect local IT business. We have taken continuous business profit for 3 years as measurement of success factors for the business. During study it was identified that certain Entrepreneurial Development factors has significant impact on business success over other factors. Organisational Functional Competencies Entrepreneurial Competencies Competitive advantage of service and product offered Education of Entrepreneur Availability of suppliers

Is it worth for bachelor graduates to diversify study programme for master level?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to add supplement to the theory of human capital with a less researched aspect: diversification possibilities of the professional profile. Our empirical analysis tested the research question, whether there is a significant difference between diversificational and specialist career strategies in the BA-MA transition based on labour market data on salaries and time of getting employment.Design/methodology/approachPresent study analyses data from the Graduate Career Tracking System from 2011 to 2015 and the Integrated Administrative Databases from 2017. Graduates of master's courses were divided and compared in three groups: generalists, specialists and field changers. To evaluate career strategies the measurement of success was based on salaries and the time taken to get jobs.FindingsThe analysis showed that there are visible differences between the results of the three groups regarding factors of employment, so at the time of reaching the absolutorium a lower rate of major subject changers are employed, while field changers get jobs significantly faster. Based on net salaries we could not reveal a difference between major subject retainers and changers, while field changers earn significantly more.Practical implicationsSpecialists (major subject retainers) have jobs that match with their degree and specialty outstandingly, field changers have notably weaker matches, while major subject changers differ only minimally. Considering this it may be due to distorted perception that specialists think the least that their master's studies are essential for the proper execution of their jobs.Originality/valueIn the literature review we found a research gap: Although there is a large number of excellent works analysing the effects of education on wages (salary curve) and career, but only a few of them investigates the impact of the professional portfolio (diversification or specialisation). The novelty of our research is that we developed a new methodology to test this question on example of the Hungarian students of business and economics focused.

Handling Uncertainty in Project Management and Business Development

This chapter reports a study into the management of uncertainty in the disciplines of business development and project management. The first part of the chapter analyses the disciplines by looking at the process, the planning, uncertainty and risk and the measurement of success. Based on our analysis of these two disciplines, we conclude that they differ substantially in the perception and handling of uncertainty and how this is included in the overall process. We found that business development uses additional methods, for example scenario planning, to manage the uncertainty that is inherent to the business development process. The second part of the chapter reports an explorative study into the potential application of scenario planning in project management. This study shows that scenario planning may benefit project management in creating a shared understanding of the project as well as the provision and consideration of different information. In the planning processes of the project, this information is considered useful in risk management and milestone planning.