software sensors
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Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 8435
Author(s):  
Sebastian Blume ◽  
Tim Benedens ◽  
Dieter Schramm

Software sensors are playing an increasingly important role in current vehicle development. Such soft sensors can be based on both physical modeling and data-based modeling. Data-driven modeling is based on building a model purely on captured data which means that no system knowledge is required for the application. At the same time, hyperparameters have a particularly large influence on the quality of the model. These parameters influence the architecture and the training process of the machine learning algorithm. This paper deals with the comparison of different hyperparameter optimization methods for the design of a roll angle estimator based on an artificial neural network. The comparison is drawn based on a pre-generated simulation data set created with ISO standard driving maneuvers. Four different optimization methods are used for the comparison. Random Search and Hyperband are two similar methods based purely on randomness, whereas Bayesian Optimization and the genetic algorithm are knowledge-based methods, i.e., they process information from previous iterations. The objective function for all optimization methods consists of the root mean square error of the training process and the reference data generated in the simulation. To guarantee a meaningful result, k-fold cross-validation is integrated for the training process. Finally, all methods are applied to the predefined parameter space. It is shown that the knowledge-based methods lead to better results. In particular, the Genetic Algorithm leads to promising solutions in this application.


Author(s):  
Samuel King Opoku

The hunt to categorize context-aware applications has been a prevalent issue to developers of context-aware applications. The previous categorizations were based on the functions of the applications. These mechanisms yielded limited results since many applications could not be categorized. This paper categorizes applications into four generations based on developmental trends through a literature survey. The first generation applications focused on data acquisition and used hardware sensors. The second generation applications focused on knowledge acquisition and used software sensors, semantic language and ontology-based modelling languages. The third generation applications focused on intelligent reasoning and used mechanisms to handle information uncertainty. The fourth generation applications deprecate cumbersome ruleset implementations and focus on artificial intelligence whilst taking into consideration the effect of the dynamics of users’ background and preference on contextual information. The study demonstrated that when applications, methods or technologies can be categorized over some time, it is better to classify them into generations.


Author(s):  
Miss Aachal Ramteke ◽  
Prof. Rohini Pochhi ◽  
Prof Rahul Dhuture

Internet of things (IoT) is the network of entities that consists of electronics, programmable software, sensors, and communication facility that enables these entities to gather and transfer data. Raspberry pi Microcontroller based IOT platform detects the forest fire as early as possible and takes speedy action before the fire spreads over large area. Sensors such as smoke sensors is connected with Raspberry Pi. GSM modem connected with Raspberry Pi alerts the forest monitoring control room.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 908
Author(s):  
Velislava Lyubenova ◽  
Georgi Kostov ◽  
Rositsa Denkova-Kostova

The monitoring of the main variables and parameters of biotechnological processes is of key importance for the research and control of the processes, especially in industrial installations, where there is a limited number of measurements. For this reason, many researchers are focusing their efforts on developing appropriate algorithms (software sensors (SS)) to provide reliable information on unmeasurable variables and parameters, based on the available on-line information. In the literature, a large number of developments related to this topic that concern data-based and model-based sensors are presented. Up-to-date reviews of data-driven SS for biotechnological processes have already been presented in the scientific literature. Hybrid software sensors as a combination between the abovementioned ones are under development. This gives a reason for the article to be focused on a review of model-based software sensors for biotechnological processes. The most applied model-based methods for monitoring the kinetics and state variables of these processes are analyzed and compared. The following software sensors are considered: Kalman filters, methods based on estimators and observers of a deterministic type, probability observers, high-gain observers, sliding mode observers, adaptive observers, etc. The comparison is made in terms of their stability and number of tuning parameters. Particular attention is paid to the approach of the general dynamic model. The main characteristics of the classic variant proposed by D. Dochain are summarized. Results related to the development of this approach are analyzed. A key point is the presentation of new formalizations of kinetics and the design of new algorithms for its estimation in cases of uncertainty. The efficiency and applicability of the considered software sensors are discussed.


Robotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Laurent Rambault ◽  
Abdallah Allouche ◽  
Erik Etien ◽  
Anas Sakout ◽  
Thierry Doget ◽  
...  

The paper deals with software sensors which facilitates the diagnosis of electrical machines in non-stationary operating conditions. The technique targeted is order tracking for which different techniques exist to estimate the speed and angle of rotation. However, from a methodological point of view, this paper offers a comparison of several methods in order to evaluate their performance from tests on a test bench. In addition, to perform the tests, it is necessary to initialize the different methods to make them work correctly. In particular, an identification technique is proposed as well as a way to facilitate initialization. The example of this paper is that of a synchronous generator. Angular sampling allows the spectrum to be stationary and the interpretation of a possible defect. The realization of the angular sampling and the first diagnostic elements require the knowledge of two fundamental quantities: the speed of rotation and the angular position of the shaft. The estimation of the rotation speed as well as the estimation of the angular position of the shaft are carried out from the measurement of an electric current (or three electric currents and three voltages). Four methods are proposed and evaluated to realize software sensors: identification technique, PLL (Phase Locked Loop), Concordia transform and an observer. The four methods are evaluated on measurements carried out on a test bench. The results are discussed from the diagnosis of a mechanical fault.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
shabnam shadroo ◽  
Amir Masoud Rahmani ◽  
Ali Rezaee

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical instruments, software, sensors that all are connected to the Internet. The IoT produces massive data, where, this enormous volume of data allows the use of deep learning algorithms (DLAs). Recently, the increase of the large body of data and their availability has been one of the main reasons for paying attention to this issue. Further, the recent upgrade of the hardware boosting the computational power has resulted in the utilize of deep learning alongside the IoT. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to review the relevant conference and journal articles in IoT and deep learning from 2012 to July 2019. To review the publications, a composition of Systematic Mapping and systematic literature review has been employed for creating a survey paper. Accordingly, some questions have been raised; to answer which, 32 articles have been investigated. The papers have been categorized into four sections including a focus on data, network, computing environment, application with each being examined, and analyzed. This article would be beneficial for researchers who want to investigate the field of deep learning and IoT.


Author(s):  
Lakshman Narayana Vejendla ◽  
Alapati Naresh ◽  
Peda Gopi Arepalli

Internet of things can be simply referred to as internet of entirety, which is the network of things enclosed with software, sensors, electronics that allows them to gather and transmit the data. Because of the various and progressively malevolent assaults on PC systems and frameworks, current security apparatuses are frequently insufficient to determine the issues identified with unlawful clients, unwavering quality, and to give vigorous system security. Late research has demonstrated that in spite of the fact that system security has built up, a significant worry about an expansion in illicit interruptions is as yet happening. Addressing security on every occasion or in every place is a really important and sensitive matter for many users, businesses, governments, and enterprises. In this research work, the authors propose a secret IoT architecture for routing in a network. It aims to locate the malicious users in an IoT routing protocols. The proposed mechanism is compared with the state-of-the-art work and compared results show the proposed work performs well.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Miguel R. Luaces ◽  
Jesús A. Fisteus ◽  
Luis Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
Mario Munoz-Organero ◽  
Jesús Balado ◽  
...  

Providing citizens with the ability to move around in an accessible way is a requirement for all cities today. However, modeling city infrastructures so that accessible routes can be computed is a challenge because it involves collecting information from multiple, large-scale and heterogeneous data sources. In this paper, we propose and validate the architecture of an information system that creates an accessibility data model for cities by ingesting data from different types of sources and provides an application that can be used by people with different abilities to compute accessible routes. The article describes the processes that allow building a network of pedestrian infrastructures from the OpenStreetMap information (i.e., sidewalks and pedestrian crossings), improving the network with information extracted obtained from mobile-sensed LiDAR data (i.e., ramps, steps, and pedestrian crossings), detecting obstacles using volunteered information collected from the hardware sensors of the mobile devices of the citizens (i.e., ramps and steps), and detecting accessibility problems with software sensors in social networks (i.e., Twitter). The information system is validated through its application in a case study in the city of Vigo (Spain).


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