The Structure of Filter Curve and Methods of Its Approximation. Part 3. Equations for Filter Curve Approximation

The paper describes the structure of the filtration curve built in a wide range of variation of filtration rates. A detailed description of the mechanism of occurrence and development of the inertial component of the filtration flow structure is given. Equations are presented that can be used to approximate the filtration curve. A modified equation is proposed that provides a smooth transition from laminar to turbulent filtration without discontinuities of the velocity and pressure fields, which can be used when calculating both one-dimensional and spatial filtration flow.

Modyfikowanie parametrów detonacyjnych indywidualnych materiałów wybuchowych

Individual explosives such as hexogen, octogen or TNT can be characterized by determining their thermochemical and detonation parameters. Some of these parameters can be modified by changing the diameter of the charge, type of confined or density. However, a much greater possibility of their change can be obtained by forming mixtures with various additives. The paper presents the results review of literature data regarding the impact of various additives on the detonation and thermochemical parameters of individual explosives and of research on selected detonation parameters of hexogen and octogen compositions with glass microspheres and microballoons made of plastic. Measured parameters were: critical diameter and layer as well as detonation velocity. An increase in the critical diameter and layer was observed as well as a decrease in the detonation velocity along with th increase in the content of the inertial component in the explosive mixture.

System of insufficiency of the modern theory of long-term resistance of reinforced concrete and designers’ warnings

Aim of the research. The essence of the failure of the globally widespread theory of long-term resistance of reinforced concrete is defined and analyzed. Methods. This failure includes the following interconnected parts: 1) the set of ten basic fundamental properties of structural concrete is completely distorted (for example, instantaneous linear properties are Maxwell scheme); 2) mathematical rules are violated when recording the rates of elastic deformation and creep deformation, due to a misunderstanding of the Boltzmann principle (these violations distort the whole structure of the theory); 3) the rules of classical mechanics are violated, what is caused by substitution of fundamental properties of concrete with various “chain models” (for example, the principle of independence of action of forces, which is the fourth fundamental law of Galileo - Newton, is violated); 4) sections of the general “world theory of creep of reinforced concrete”, based on its algebraization, in their essence reject the fundamental law of natural science - Newton's second law: not only the inertial component is rejected, but also forces depending on speed (in this way the “world theory of creep of reinforced concrete” is degraded to the level of Aristotle’s mechanics); 5) unacceptably idealized creep theories and structural models that endow concrete with unrealizable properties, especially flagrant in zones of cracks, are incorporated in the normative calculations of structures; 6) solid design companies of the world show that concrete creep is not a scientific theory: this is a warning to designers. Results. The performed analysis is accompanied by necessary mathematical calculations and experimental estimates.

Symmetry-breaking charge transfer dynamics of 9,9’-bianthracene revealed by experiment and theory

Symmetry-breaking charge transfer reaction of 9,9’-bianthracene is driven exclusively by the rotational fluctuation of solvents, not including the inertial component in the solvation dynamics. Torsional motion and bond shortening during the reaction were observed.

Experiences of Inflation and Stabilization, 1960–1990

This chapter analyzes the Brazilian inflation and stabilization experiences during a period spanning three decades, from 1960 to 1990. It focuses on five stabilization plans. The first is the PAEG Plan, a neo-orthodox stabilization plan, which did not eliminate inflation but reduced its trend rate. The PAEG Stabilization Plan started as a fully orthodox plan, but later, as the social cost imposed by the inertial component of inflation became apparent, an indexation mechanism was devised with a forward component in wages readjustment, decreasing the backward component. This mechanism, which intended to preserve the average real worker’s wage, became a standard tool of stabilization plans in Brazil, despite the criticism it received at that time. The other four are heterodox plans, Cruzado, Bresser, Summer, and Collor, implemented during the so-called lost decade.

ERROR ANALYSIS FOR THE AIRBORNE DIRECT GEOREFERINCING TECHNIQUE

Direct Georeferencing was shown to be an important alternative to standard indirect image orientation using classical or GPS-supported aerial triangulation. Since direct Georeferencing without ground control relies on an extrapolation process only, particular focus has to be laid on the overall system calibration procedure. The accuracy performance of integrated GPS/inertial systems for direct Georeferencing in airborne photogrammetric environments has been tested extensively in the last years. In this approach, the limiting factor is a correct overall system calibration including the GPS/inertial component as well as the imaging sensor itself. Therefore remaining errors in the system calibration will significantly decrease the quality of object point determination. <br><br> This research paper presents an error analysis for the airborne direct Georeferencing technique, where integrated GPS/IMU positioning and navigation systems are used, in conjunction with aerial cameras for airborne mapping compared with GPS/INS supported AT through the implementation of certain amount of error on the EOP and Boresight parameters and study the effect of these errors on the final ground coordinates. <br><br> The data set is a block of images consists of 32 images distributed over six flight lines, the interior orientation parameters, IOP, are known through careful camera calibration procedure, also 37 ground control points are known through terrestrial surveying procedure. The exact location of camera station at time of exposure, exterior orientation parameters, EOP, is known through GPS/INS integration process. The preliminary results show that firstly, the DG and GPS-supported AT have similar accuracy and comparing with the conventional aerial photography method, the two technologies reduces the dependence on ground control (used only for quality control purposes). Secondly, In the DG Correcting overall system calibration including the GPS/inertial component as well as the imaging sensor itself is the limiting factor to achieve good object space.

A Model of the Dynamic Error as a Measurement Result of Instruments Defining the Parameters of Moving Objects

The present paper considers a new model for the formation of the dynamic error inertial component. It is very effective in the analysis and synthesis of measuring instruments positioned on moving objects and measuring their movement parameters. The block diagram developed within this paper is used as a basis for defining the mathematical model. The block diagram is based on the set-theoretic description of the measuring system, its input and output quantities and the process of dynamic error formation. The model reflects the specific nature of the formation of the dynamic error inertial component. In addition, the model submits to the logical interrelation and sequence of the physical processes that form it. The effectiveness, usefulness and advantages of the model proposed are rooted in the wide range of possibilities it provides in relation to the analysis and synthesis of those measuring instruments, the formulation of algorithms and optimization criteria, as well as the development of new intelligent measuring systems with improved accuracy characteristics in dynamic mode.

Imperfect rationality and inflationary inertia: a new estimation of the Phillips Curve for Brazil

This paper presents some new estimates for the relationship between inflation and unemployment in Brazil based on a new Keynesian hypothesis about the behavior of the economy. Four main hypotheses are tested and sustained throughout the study: i) agents do not have perfect rationality; ii) the imperfection in the agents expectations generating process may be an important factor in explaining the high persistence (inertia) of Brazilian inflation; iii) inflation does have an autonomous inertial component, without linkage to shocks in individual markets; iv) a non-linear relationship between inflation and unemployment is able to provide better explanations for the inflation-unemployment relationship in the Brazilian economy in the last 12 years. While the first two hypotheses are tested using a Markov Switching based model of regime changes, the remaining two are tested in a context of a convex Phillips Curve estimated using the Kalman filter. Despite the methodological and estimation improvements provided in the paper, the impulse-response functions for the monetary policy presented the same properties shown in the literature that uses Brazilian data.

Shape Optimization of Isotropic Composite Beams Undergoing Harmonic Flexural and Torsional Loading

The purpose of this study is to optimize beams undergoing harmonic excitation in both bending and torsion due to an intermediate mass and inertial component. The objective is to minimize the weight for a composite beam made of glass reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), while maintaining performance above a given natural frequency. Design variables are the cross-sectional dimensions. Weight reduction is computed compared to a uniform case. The results are obtained for two different composites with different glass densities, and compared with results obtained with a steel structure. The structure examined is a clamped-clamped beam with an intermediate mass and inertial component. Basic structures are modeled and optimized analytically. Coupling effects are modeled discretely using finite elements, and these structures are optimized using commercial software. Structures with closed (circular) and open (channel) cross-sections are examined. Results show order of magnitude improvement of optimized structures for both steel and composite beams.