Technical and Economic Description of the Research on a Measuring Device for Continuous Measurement of the Diameter and Vibration of the Workpiece during the Machining Process

This article is devoted to the economic and technical aspects of the research on continuous noncontact measurement of the workpiece diameter during the manufacturing operation using a suitably selected and designed sensor. In order to achieve this main goal, it was necessary to meet these partial goals. We develop and describe a method of accurate continuous technical measurement of the workpiece diameter during the machining process. We propose a principle of continuous technical measurement of workpiece diameter, design a scanning method based on this principle, and verify the developed equipment on a specific case of technical measurement. At the same time, the development includes the expansion of the use for continuous noncontact measurement of workpiece vibrations. Based on test measurements, an optical sensor was selected, the analysis of which is presented in a part of the article. The introduction of this article provides a simple view of the need for continuous measurement of the workpiece diameter. The second chapter presents the current state of the problem. The third chapter is devoted to the theoretical analysis and description of practical implementations of the solution. The conclusion, as it could be expected, includes evaluation of the results.

Method and Algorithm for Estimating the Maximum Total Error of an Automotive LiDAR

The article proposes a method and an appropriate algorithm for estimating the error of the measurements of the LiDAR as a technical measurement system to “include” this evaluation in the given accuracy. A generic model for the LiDAR’s measurements is described, a mathematical model of the measurements with the total values of random and systematic errors is given. Based on this method the algorithm for estimating the maximum total error (not exceeding the accuracy of the measurement) is formed. The algorithm complies both with the mathematical description presented in the article, and the methodology described in Russian standard GOST R 8.736-2011. On the basis of the calculated estimate of the weighted average error, it is possible to construct a technical device, that provides a three-fold reserve in terms of measurement accuracy.

On the quality of skinfold measurements using skinfold and sliding calipers

A comparative study of the calipers GPM (DKSH, Switzerland), Holtain (Holtain Ltd, Great Britain), the caliper designed by V.E. Deryabin, and the sliding caliper GPM (Martin type) was carried out by the four measurers. The study was conducted using a metal caliper checking gauge GPM, a ‘sandwiches’ of soft silicone rubber kSil™ GP250 (Silicon Engineering, UK), as well as by measurements of subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and calf skinfolds utilized in the Heath-Carter somatotype assessment scheme, in 20 adult volunteers (10 women and 10 men). Results and discussion. When measuring the caliper checking gauge, the V.E. Deryabin’s and the sliding caliper were accurate, the caliper GPM slightly underestimated (by 0.2 mm), and the caliper Holtain overestimated the exact values (by 0.4-0.6 mm). When measuring ‘sandwiches’ of silicone rubber, the GPM and Holtain calipers showed small but statistically significant differences between measurers (up to 1.4 mm), and for the V.E. Deryabin’s caliper, these differences were more pronounced (up to 5 mm). With a sufficiently high reproducibility of skinfold data, the mean values of their total thickness for the GPM and Holtain calipers differed significantly, and for the V.E. Deryabin and GPM calipers, there were no significant differences. The measurement data using the sliding caliper were consistent with those for the Holtain caliper but showed the largest variation of data between measurers: the maximal difference of the total skinfold thickness averages was 5.2 mm and 7.1 mm in the female and male subgroups, respectively, or 10-14% of the total averages. Conclusion. The results obtained support the need for mutual comparison of skinfold calipers and control of technical measurement errors to ensure data comparability. Cross-calibration of skinfold calipers is a necessary procedure that should precede the anthropometric study. When measured by an experienced anthropologist, the technical error of measuring skinfolds with a sliding caliper can be reduced, but this instrument is not recommended for training and subsequent use for skinfold measurements due to the high risk of obtaining inconsistent data.

Using the phase inversion method and loudness comparisons for the evaluation of noise reduction algorithms in hearing aids

The phase inversion method, a technical measurement procedure, is often used to evaluate the performance of noise reduction algorithms in hearing aids. However, a detailed comparison of these technical measurements with the perceived loudness is missing. Therefore, commercially available hearing aids of six different manufacturers were evaluated technically and in a study with 18 normal-hearing listeners. First, the output signals of the hearing aids with and without activated noise reduction were recorded in a test box. Then, the test subjects evaluated the perceived loudness of these recordings within multiple two alternative forced choice (2-AFC) tasks. During one task, the test subjects had to focus either on the speech or noise signal and were asked to select the louder of two signals, which both contained a mixture of speech and noise. These results provide not only the perceived SNR but also the perceived speech and noise levels. Comparing the results of the 2-AFC tasks and the phase inversion method basically shows good agreement. Nevertheless, a simple computation of the sound pressure level can lead to significant deviations. Therefore, another possibility for the analysis of the results of the phase inversion method to better match the perceived loudness is presented.

Acoustic Investigation of Textile Fabrics

Why is it possible to distinguish between different textile fabrics by just touching them and moving your hand over them and listening to the sound? Particularly for high-quality woven fabrics, e.g. used for tailor-made suits, it is quite common that the dressmaker listens to the sound as their hand rubs the fabric. Can this approach be translated into a technical measurement? What could a sound analysis tell us about the fabric properties? As a first simple approach, we used a record player to rotate different cotton fabrics, and tested fine tips from diverse materials, such as plastic pipettes, pens, glass tips, etc. Our results show clear differences between the textile fabrics, which can be attributed to different yarn, knitted or woven structures. While the rotational mode of investigation impedes fully automated fast Fourier transform (FFT) evaluations, our first results suggest de¬veloping this promising method further.

Physiological responses to gravity in an insect

Gravity is one of the most ubiquitous environmental effects on living systems: Cellular and organismal responses to gravity are of central importance to understanding the physiological function of organisms, especially eukaryotes. Gravity has been demonstrated to have strong effects on the closed cardiovascular systems of terrestrial vertebrates, with rapidly responding neural reflexes ensuring proper blood flow despite changes in posture. Invertebrates possess open circulatory systems, which could provide fewer mechanisms to restrict gravity effects on blood flow, suggesting that these species also experience effects of gravity on blood pressure and distribution. However, whether gravity affects the open circulatory systems of invertebrates is unknown, partly due to technical measurement issues associated with small body size. Here we used X-ray imaging, radio-tracing of hemolymph, and micropressure measurements in the American grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, to assess responses to body orientation. Our results show that during changes in body orientation, gravity causes large changes in blood and air distribution, and that body position affects ventilation rate. Remarkably, we also found that insects show similar heart rate responses to body position as vertebrates, and contrasting with the classic understanding of open circulatory systems, have flexible valving systems between thorax and abdomen that can separate pressures. Gravitational effects on invertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems are likely to be widely distributed among invertebrates and to have broad influence on morphological and physiological evolution.

Technical Measurement, Control, and Forecasting of Climate Change

Ocean warming and acidification are recognized as two major anthropogenic perturbations of today's oceans. This has resulted in a number of serious problems including acidification, coral bleaching, and sea level rise. An enormous amount of scientific effort is currently being applied to understanding, monitoring, and testing solutions to these problems such as seeding the oceans with minerals to encourage plankton growth and thereby sequester carbon. The story in this chapter, “The Fid,” is about using art and games to engage people in facing major problems by educating them and building up their determination to address the ocean's problems. It is the first story in a new series, “Iron Seas.”

Rancang Bangun Alat Ukur PH, Suhu dan Kelembaban Pada Media Tanam Jamur Tiram

<p><em>Abstrak – </em><strong>Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai</strong> t<strong>eknis pengukuran akurasi pH, suhu dan kelembaban yang menjadi bagian terpenting dalam menentukan kelayakan media jamur terutama pada tumbuh kembang jamur. Dalam penelitian ini telah dikembangkan sebuah divais elektronika untuk pengukuran media jamur terutama pH, suhu dan kelembaban yang dirancang secara terintegrasi menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega8. Prototipe dilengkapi dengan sensor pH TD60805 dan sensor suhu -kelembaban DHT22.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci </em></strong><em>- Prototipe Pengukur pH, Suhu dan Kelembaban Media Tanam Jamur. ATMega8, DHT22, dan Probe TD60805.</em></p><p><em>Abstract - </em><strong>This paper will discuss about the technical measurement of pH accuracy, temperature and inertia which become the most important part in determining the feasibility of mushroom media, especially on mushroom growth. This research has developed an electronic device for measurement of mushroom media especially pH, temperature and humidity which is designed integrated using ATmega8 microcontroller. The prototype is equipped with a TD60805 pH sensor and a DHT22 temperature-humidity sensor.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords -</em></strong><strong> </strong><em>Prototype pH Measurement, Temperature and Humidity or Mushroom Growing Media, ATMega8, DHT22 and Probe TD60805</em></p>