PREVALENCE OF THE HYPOTHYROIDISM AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN HYDERABAD

OBJECTIVES: Ÿ To identify the severity of hypothyroidism among young adults in Hyderabad. Ÿ To determine the association between selected variables and hypothyroidism. Ÿ To select the subjects for the main study MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was descriptive in nature.Data was conducted in selected paramedical and engineering colleges of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The sample consists of 500 young adults. The sample was selected by simple random sampling technique.Data was collected by using self-administering structured questionnaire. FINDINGS: 0.6% of subjects were suffering from hyperthyroidism, 2% of subjects are suffering from hypothyroidism, and 14.6% are suffering from Subclinical hypothyroidism.75% of subjects where females .95% subjects belong to Hindu religion. 95% parents of subjects were educated.90% of the subject aged 21 years, 50% subjects are showing average performance.25% parents of the subjects were suffering from thyroid disorders 90% of them are mothers. 20% of the subjects are suffering of any one kind of health problems,70% of the females are suffering from menstrual disturbance. 80% of subjects are having overview about the thyroid disorders.2% of the subjects are suffering from palpitations.20% of subjects having poor concentration. 5% are suffering from memory loss.25% are suffering from excessive need for excess sleep.10% are suffering from depression.60% complained unusual hair loss.20% are having unusual weight gain. These are the major findings of the study. CONCLUSION: Majority of the subjects were unable to identify their symptoms of hypothyroidism.25% of the subjects are with symptoms of hypothyroidism.Awareness about periodical screening for thyroid disorders need to be improved among public through health education

Focus on the Primary Prevention of Intrauterine Adhesions: Current Concept and Vision

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), and its severe form Asherman syndrome (Asherman’s syndrome), is a mysterious disease, often accompanied with severe clinical problems contributing to a significant impairment of reproductive function, such as menstrual disturbance (amenorrhea), infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss. Among these, its correlated infertility may be one of the most challenging problems. Although there are many etiologies for the development of IUA, uterine instrumentation is the main cause of IUA. Additionally, more complicated intrauterine surgeries can be performed by advanced technology, further increasing the risk of IUA. Strategies attempting to minimize the risk and reducing its severity are urgently needed. The current review will expand the level of our knowledge required to face the troublesome disease of IUA. It is separated into six sections, addressing the introduction of the normal cyclic endometrial repairing process and its abruption causing the formation of IUA; the etiology and prevalence of IUA; the diagnosis of IUA; the classification of IUA; the pathophysiology of IUA; and the primary prevention of IUA, including (1) delicate surgical techniques, such as the use of surgical instruments, energy systems, and pre-hysteroscopic management, (2) barrier methods, such as gels, intrauterine devices, intrauterine balloons, as well as membrane structures containing hyaluronate–carboxymethylcellulose or polyethylene oxide–sodium carboxymethylcellulose as anti-adhesive barrier.

Analysis of survey on menstrual disorder among teenagers using Gaussian copula model with graphical lasso prior

A high prevalence of menstrual disturbance has been reported among teenage girls, and research shows that there are delays in diagnosis of endometriosis among young girls. Using data from the Menstrual Disorder of Teenagers Survey (administered in 2005 and 2016), we propose a Gaussian copula model with graphical lasso prior to identify cohort differences in menstrual characteristics and to predict endometriosis. The model includes random effects to account for clustering by school, and we use the extended rank likelihood copula model to handle variables of mixed-type. The graphical lasso prior shrinks the elements in the precision matrix of a Gaussian distribution to encourage a sparse graphical structure, where the level of shrinkage is adaptable based on the strength of the conditional associations among questions in the survey. Applying our proposed model to the menstrual disorder data set, we found that menstrual disturbance was more pronouncedly reported over a decade, and we found some empirical differences between those girls with higher risk of developing endometriosis and the general population.

USE OF UTTAR BASTI IN SECONDARY INFERTILITY WITH CHOCOLATE CYST – A CASE STUDY

Women are worshipped as Goddess due to their ability of bringing new life on earth. During reproductive period of women’s life there are varieties of ovarian cysts formation which leads to menstrual disturbance which might further lead to infertility. In recent years there is gradual rise in detection of ovarian cysts due to advance diagnostics. There is prevalence of 17 to 44% of ovarian cysts formation during reproductive phase. In this article, a case report regarding a patient of age 30 years having previous H/O bilateral choco-late cyst with both tubes thick with endometriosis and laparoscopic findings s/o impatiens tubes. For which patient had undergone laparoscopic aspiration. She was again diagnosed with recurrence of chocolate cyst by ultrasonography for that she came to my OPD for treatment. In Ayurveda it is stated that Shuddha yoni, Ambu, Beej and Kshetra are needed for Garbhadharan. Treatment plan was Shodhana, Uttar Basti with lekhandravyas and Shamanachikitsa. After 3 months of treatment regimen ultrasonography and hyster-osalpingography were repeated and reports revealed that previous mentioned left ovarian com-plex/haemorrhagic cyst is not seen, and tubes are patent. Hence, case study confirms that we can treat chocolate cyst with the help of Uttar Basti and Shamanachikitsa which acts as Lekhan and normalizes Vat-adosha and Raktadosha.

The Menstrual Disturbances in Endocrine Disorders: A Narrative Review

Context: Menstrual cycle is considered the fifth vital sign among women. This study aimed to summarize the menstrual disturbances in different endocrine disorders. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrative review, relevant studies (up to December 2019) were searched based on the MeSH keywords diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, menstrual cycle, uterine bleeding, and menstruation. Databases used for searching articles included Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science for observational, experimental, and review studies. Results: Endocrine disorders trigger the onset of menstrual disturbance across the reproductive lifespan of women. Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and ovaries) have a functional role in endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle. According to available evidence, oligomenorrhea (cycles longer than 35 days) is the most common menstrual disturbance among endocrine disorders (thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and diabetes). Complex endocrine pathways play an essential role in a women’s menstrual calendar. Conclusions: The menstrual cycle length and amount of bleeding can be indicative of endocrine disorders. Further studies are needed to identify the unknowns about the association between endocrine disorders and the menstrual cycle.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE REGARDING HYPOTHYROIDISM AMONG INFERTILE WOMEN WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM

Objective: The study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of hypothyroidism among infertile women with hypothyroidism. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in an outpatient environment of infertility centers. We used a validated questionnaire to assess hypothyroidism KAP. Using frequency counts (n) and percentages (%), discrete data were summarized. The Chi-square/Fisher test was used between groups to compare. Results: The mean age of participants was found to be 32±5.77 years. It was found that 72% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 44% were extremely concerned, and 81% were practicing with a moderate level of precaution. Among the consequences of hypothyroidism, 68% of the study subjects most properly-recognized menstrual disturbance, followed by 66%, 51%, and 48% of study subject properly-recognized weight gain, fatigue, and muscle aches/pain as a clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism. Most patients (98%) adhered to their medications. Nearly half of the study patients (45%) did not avoid cabbage, cauliflower, or soya. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the significance of investing appropriate time to provide patients with a comprehensive education to bridge the gaps in patient care. The findings also indicated that it be better for the understanding of the patients if health-care providers could provide patients with data sheets explaining the disease or having some pictorial/pamphlets about the disease’s reality and myths.

Complications following use of single rod etonogestrel implant (Implanon).

Objectives: To determine the frequency of complications and side effects of single rod etonogestrel implant (implanon). Study Design: Descriptive case series. Setting: At Contraceptive clinic, (Reproductive Health Clinic (Contraception), antenatal clinic of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: From November 2014 to November 2016. Material & Methods: The sample included 72 healthy active women. The final outcome in this study was efficacy. Results: Client mean age was 28.07±4.88 years. Usually clients 57 (79.2%) were 1-4 para. 5 (6.9%) clients complain of pain, out of which only 4 had pain at insertion site and 1 had pain at insertion site and also in stomach. No side effects were observed 55 clients (67.4%) main complains about menstrual disturbance like 26 (36.1%) having amenorrhea. Continuous bleeding was the main complain in 9 clients (12.5%), heavy menstruation was found in 7 (9.7%), 10 (13.9%) had irregular bleeding. Prolonged bleeding was present in 2 clients (2.8%), 7 (9.7%) complain of spotting, 10 (13.9%) had no menstruation problem. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that majority of the clients had amenorrhea.