scholarly journals The continuum of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) activation mechanisms and terminology

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof M. Altus ◽  
Jennifer A. Love
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Alkane Activation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activation Mechanisms ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractAs a rapidly growing field across all areas of chemistry, C-H activation/functionalisation is being used to access a wide range of important molecular targets. Of particular interest is the development of a sustainable methodology for alkane functionalisation as a means for reducing hydrocarbon emissions. This Perspective aims to give an outline to the community with respect to commonly used terminology in C-H activation, as well as the mechanisms that are currently understood to operate for (cyclo)alkane activation/functionalisation.

scholarly journals Anti-NLRP3 Inflammasome Natural Compounds: An Update

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Baolong Liu ◽  
Jiujiu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activation Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Signals

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that recognizes various danger or stress signals from pathogens, the host, and the environment, leading to activation of caspase-1 and inducing inflammatory responses. This pro-inflammatory protein complex plays critical roles in pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, intensive efforts have been devoted to understanding its activation mechanisms and to searching for its specific inhibitors. Approximately forty natural compounds with anti-NLRP3 inflammasome properties have been identified. Here, we provide an update about new natural compounds that have been identified within the last three years to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and offer an overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms of their anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activities.

scholarly journals Continuum modeling perspectives of non-Fourier heat conduction in biological systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Sudár ◽  
Gergely Futaki ◽  
Róbert Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Continuum Modeling ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Ultrasound Surgery ◽  
Thermal Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fourier Heat Conduction ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract The thermal modeling of biological systems is increasingly important in the development of more advanced and more precise techniques such as ultrasound surgery. One of the primary barriers is the complexity of biological materials: the geometrical, structural, and material properties vary in a wide range. In the present paper, we focus on the continuum modeling of heterogeneous materials of biological origin. There are numerous examples in the literature for non-Fourier thermal models. However, as we realized, they are associated with a few common misconceptions. Therefore, we first aim to clarify the basic concepts of non-Fourier thermal models. These concepts are demonstrated by revisiting two experiments from the literature in which the Cattaneo–Vernotte and the dual phase lag models are utilized. Our investigation revealed that these non-Fourier models are based on misinterpretations of the measured data, and the seeming deviation from Fourier’s law originates from the source terms and boundary conditions.

Responses of Percid Fishes and Their Habitats to Eutrophication

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1964-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Leach ◽  
M. G. Johnson ◽  
J. R. M. Kelso ◽  
J. Hartmann ◽  
W. Nümann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Cultural Eutrophication ◽  
Fish Yield ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selective Mechanism ◽  
The Continuum

Percid fishes are found in lakes that cover a wide range of trophic conditions. The responses of percids and their habitats to progressive cultural eutrophication are predictable. Alterations in physicochemical characteristics of habitats precipitate changes in phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, and benthos that are ultimately deleterious. Enrichment can lead to favorable responses in percids, but somewhere in the continuum of trophic conditions the responses become unfavorable. The relative level at which the response becomes negative varies with the species according to tolerances to altered environment, adaptabilities to new habitat and forage base, and reproductive behavior. Progressive eutrophication acts as a selective mechanism that leads to a predictable sequence of fish species. Other perturbations, such as exploitation and habitat modification, can act synergistically with cultural eutrophication in accelerating the sequence. As eutrophication proceeds, the succession of species may not lead to increased fish yield because part of the nutrient load may be channeled through unharvestable food chains. Key words: Percidae, habitat, eutrophication, species dominance, food habits, parasitism, disease

The Supportive–Expressive Continuum

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Brian A. Sharpless
Keyword(s):  
Psychodynamic Therapy ◽  
Expressive Therapies ◽  
Clinical Indicators ◽  
Negative Patient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Continuum

Psychodynamic therapy can be flexibly applied to a wide range of psychopathology. However, different patient problems imply different techniques. If inappropriate interventions are used, therapy progress could stall or negative patient events could occur. A useful tool for selecting the best mix of psychodynamic techniques is the supportive–expressive continuum. When patients are properly situated on this continuum, it is far easier to choose interventions. After the different intentions of the more purely supportive or expressive therapies are described, the clinical indicators for each approach are listed. Finally, patient transitions along the continuum (i.e., they require a different mix of supportive and expressive techniques) are discussed with suggestions on how to make these changes while minimizing therapy disruptions.

scholarly journals Molecular Targets Involved in the Neuroprotection Mediated by Terpenoids

Planta Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (17) ◽  
pp. 1304-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura González-Cofrade ◽  
Beatriz de las Heras ◽  
Luis Apaza Ticona ◽  
Olga M. Palomino
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drug Leads

AbstractNatural products and their derivatives represent the most consistently successful source of drug leads. Terpenoids, a structurally diverse group, are secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature, endowed with a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, or neuroprotective effects, which consolidate their therapeutic value. During the last decades, and taking into consideration the prevalence of aging-related diseases, research activity into the neuroprotective effects of these types of compounds has increased enormously. Several signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection are targets of their mechanism of action and mediate their pleiotropic protective activity in neuronal cell damage. In the present review, molecular basis of the neuroprotection exerted by terpenoids is presented, focusing on preclinical evidence of the therapeutic potential of diterpenoids and triterpenoids on neurodegenerative disorders. By acting on diverse mechanisms simultaneously, terpenoids have been emphasized as promising multitarget agents.

Biobased Spiroimides from Itaconic Acid and Formamides: Molecular Targets for a Novel Synthetic Application of Renewable Chemicals

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (02) ◽  
pp. 296-308
Author(s):  
Leandro Helgueira Andrade ◽  
Milene Macedo Hornink ◽  
Alice Uva Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Renewable Chemicals ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthetic Application

AbstractSpiroimides exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as anticonvulsant, antiarrhythmic, and antihyperglycemic activities. Herein, a novel synthetic application of renewable chemicals, itaconic acid and formamides, is described. Proper exploitation of the reactivity of itaconic acid and formamide allows for the development of an efficient synthetic approach for the production of several new biobased spiroimides, spiro[dihydroquinolin-2-one-succinimides] and spiro[indolin-2-one-glutarimides], in excellent overall yields (up to 98%).

scholarly journals Analysis of Circulating Haemocytes fromBiomphalaria glabratafollowingAngiostrongylus vasorumInfection Using Flow Cytometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales A. Barçante ◽  
Joziana M. P. Barçante ◽  
Ricardo T. Fujiwara ◽  
Walter S. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activation Mechanisms ◽  
Labelling Procedure ◽  
Dual Colour ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Cellular Components

Angiostrongylus vasorumis an emerging parasite of dogs and related to carnivores that have an indirect life cycle, with a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic gastropods as the obligatory intermediate host. Unfortunately, the relationship betweenA. vasorumand their snail hosts remains poorly understood. Circulating haemocytes are the main line of cellular defence involved in the destruction of helminths in snails. Aiming to further characterize the haemocyte subsets inBiomphalariasnails, we have performed a flow cytometric analysis of whole haemolymph cellular components using a multiparametric dual colour labelling procedure. Our findings demonstrated thatB. glabratainfected withA. vasorumhave two major circulating haemocyte subsets, referred to as small and large haemocytes. Differences in the cell proportion occurred over time. The development of better invertebrate infection control strategies would certainly result in the better control of human diseases caused by other species of the genusAngiostrongylus. Such knowledge will assist in the establishment of novel control strategies aimed at parasites that use molluscs as intermediate hosts and clarify new aspects of the parasite-host relationship regarding cell recognition and activation mechanisms, which are also found in the innate response of vertebrates.

Squeeze Film Damping Models Compared With Tests on Microsystems

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartono (Anton) Sumali ◽  
David S. Epp
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽  
Squeeze Film ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Squeeze Film Damping ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies ◽  
Oscillating Plate ◽  
The Continuum

This paper compares three models for computing forces caused by gas film squeezed between parallel plates. The models are used to calculate damping forces on an oscillating plate at different oscillation frequencies. The damping forces are then used to calculate nondimensional damping ratios. The damping ratios are used in making comparisons among the models and with experimental data. The experiment used an oscillating MEMS plate suspended by folded springs. The substrate (base) was shaken with a piezoelectric transducer. The plate vibrated as a result, especially at the resonant frequency. The velocities of the suspended plate and of the substrate were measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer and a microscope. Experimental modal analysis gave the damping ratio. To achieve a wide range of squeeze numbers, the experiment was repeated under several different pressures. The measurement was also repeated on an array of plates. Experimental data indicate that, for atmospheric and higher pressures, squeeze-film damping forces can be modeled accurately with a very simple model. For lower pressures in the continuum regime, a more complete model by Veijola (2004) predicts the damping ratio very well.

scholarly journals Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Focus on Disease Progression

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Calvo ◽  
Raquel Manzano ◽  
Deise M. F. Mendonça ◽  
María J. Muñoz ◽  
Pilar Zaragoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neuron Death ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Motor Neuron Death ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Since amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was discovered and described in 1869 as a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neuron death is induced, a wide range of biomarkers have been selected to identify therapeutic targets. ALS shares altered molecular pathways with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. However, the molecular targets that directly influence its aggressive nature remain unknown. What is the first link in the neurodegenerative chain of ALS that makes this disease so peculiar? In this review, we will discuss the progression of the disease from the viewpoint of the potential biomarkers described to date in human and animal model samples. Finally, we will consider potential therapeutic strategies for ALS treatment and future, innovative perspectives.

scholarly journals What Geoscience Experts And Novices Look At, And What They See, When Viewing Data Visualizations

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A. Kastens ◽  
Thomas F. Shipley ◽  
Alexander P. Boone ◽  
Frances Straccia
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Exploration Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tracking Behavior ◽  
Data Visualizations ◽  
Shaded Relief ◽  
The Continuum

This study examines how geoscience experts and novices make meaning from an iconic type of data visualization: shaded relief images of bathymetry and topography.  Participants examined, described, and interpreted a global image, two high-resolution seafloor images, and 2 high-resolution continental images, while having their gaze direction eye-tracked and their utterances and gestures videoed. In addition, experts were asked about how they would coach an undergraduate intern on how to interpret this data.  Not unexpectedly, all experts were more skillful than any of the novices at describing and explaining what they were seeing.  However, the novices showed a wide range of performance.  Along the continuum from weakest novice to strongest expert, proficiency developed in the following order: making qualitative observations of salient features, making simple interpretations, making quantitative observations.  The eye-tracking analysis examined how the experts and novices invested 20 seconds of unguided exploration, after the image came into view but before the researcher began to ask questions.  On the cartographic elements of the images, experts and novices allocated their exploration time differently:  experts invested proportionately more fixations on the latitude and longitude axes, while students paid more attention to the color bar.  In contrast, within the parts of the image showing the actual geomorphological data, experts and novices on average allocated their attention similarly, attending preferentially to the geologically significant landforms.   Combining their spoken responses with their eye-tracking behavior, we conclude that the experts and novices are looking in the same places but “seeing” different things.

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