A smart Agriculture Irrigation System using sensor array based IOT

The role of Agriculture is important to build a nation, since more than 58% of the population in our country is dependent on agriculture that means half of the population is investing in agriculture. However, many farmers are unfamiliar with intelligent irrigation systems designed to improve the water used for their crops. The proposed system is to precisely monitor the distribution of the water to crops. This IOT based system has a distributed wireless network of soil moisture sensors to monitor soil moisture. Other sensors such as temperature, humidity, rain, IR, LDR, foot. The gateway device also processes the detector’s information and transmits the data to the farmer. An algorithm was developed using threshold values for soil moisture and nutrients, and these values were programmed into a node com-based gateway to control water for irrigation. Complete sensor data is sent to the free cloud using NODEMCU and displayed on websites and apps. This proposed work presents extensive research on irrigation systems in smart agriculture.

Recent hydrological droughts in Brazil and their impacts on energy security

Brazil is heavily reliant on water resources. Hydroelectric plants generate about 64% of all electricity consumed. To increase yield capacity, a 2050 expansion is also planned. 78% of water used is for agriculture (irrigation and livestock), 9% for industry, and 9.1% for urban supply. However, the country has endured the worst droughts in recorded history over the last two decades, resulting in severe socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The purpose of this study was to determine the current state of knowledge regarding hydrological drought patterns, hydrometeorological factors, and their effects on the country’s hydroelectric power plants. Droughts have occurred in most of Brazil’s regions since 2014/15, causing severe impacts in many of the basins studied. Now that most hydroelectric power plants are operating at a fraction of their total capacity, the country’s hydroelectric generation is been impacted.

Characteristics of Desert Precipitation in the UAE Derived from a Ceilometer Dataset

Understanding rainfall in arid and water-scarce regions is central to the efficient use of water resources in agriculture, irrigation, and domestic food security. This work presents a new dataset with which to study precipitation processes in arid regions, utilising two years (2018–2020) of ceilometer observations made at Al Ain International Airport in the desert region of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the annual rainfall is 76 mm. Ceilometer data provide a novel method by which to study both the evolution of water droplets from the cloud base down to the surface and the local circumstances required for rain to successfully reach the surface. In this work, we explore how successful precipitation depends on the initial size of the droplets and the thermodynamic profile below the cloud. For 64 of the 105 rain events, the droplet diameters ranged from 0.60 to 3.75 mm, with a mean of 1.84 mm. We find that smaller droplets, higher cloud bases, reduced cloud depths, and colder cloud bases all act to prevent successful precipitation, instead yielding virga (28 out of the 105 rain generating events). We identify how these multiple regional factors combine—specifically, we identify clouds deeper than 2.9 km, droplet diameters greater than 2 mm, and a midpoint below-cloud RH profile greater than 50%—to give successful rainfall, which may ultimately lead to more efficient rainfall enhancing measures, such as cloud seeding.

Energy-Efficient Wireless Communication Strategy for Precision Agriculture Irrigation Control

In smart farming, precision agriculture irrigation is essential to reduce water consumption and produce higher crop yields. Closed-loop irrigation based on soil moisture measurements has demonstrated the capability to achieve a considerable amount of water savings while growing healthy crops. Automated irrigation systems are typically implemented over wireless sensor networks, where the sensing devices are battery-powered, and thus they have to manage energy constraints by implementing efficient communication schemas. Self-triggered control is an aperiodic sampling strategy capable of reducing the number of networked messages compared to traditional periodical sampling. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient communication strategy for closed-loop control irrigation, implemented over a wireless sensor network, where event-driven soil moisture measurements are conducted by the sensing devices only when needed. Thereby, the self-triggered algorithm estimates the occurrence of the next sampling period based on the process dynamics. The proposed strategy was evaluated in a pecan crop field and compared with periodical sampling implementations. The experimental results show that the proposed adaptive sampling rate technique decreased the number of communication messages more than 85% and reduced power consumption up to 20%, while still accomplishing the system control objectives in terms of the irrigation efficiency and water consumption.

Smart Irrigation using IOT and Arduino

India is in particular an agricultural country. Agriculture is the maximum vital career for the maximum of the Indian families. It performs essential position withinside the improvement of agricultural country. In India, agriculture contributes approximately 16% of general GDP and 10% of general exports. Water is most important aid for Agriculture. Irrigation is one approach to deliver water but, in a few cases, there could be lot of water wastage. So, on this regard to shop water and time we've got proposed venture titled automated irrigation device the use of IoT the clever irrigation device is evolved to optimize water use and effective agricultural crops. The primary thing required to get desired results are Temperature, Humidity, Light depth and Water. Keeping those parameters in thoughts we have constructed a Smart irrigation device Over IOT the usage of Arduino. This device may be very green for developing edible vegetation with quality. The different vital a part of this venture is that it is completely automatic These days IOT is broadly used in lots of applications. This machine has a dispensed wi-fi community of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed withinside the root quarter of the plants. In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers and transmits sensors records the usage of IOT to a web utility and Android utility. A set of rules became advanced with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture that became programmed into a Arduino primarily based totally gateway to control water quantity.

SARS-CoV-2 from Urban to Rural Water Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Fate, and Influence on Agriculture Irrigation. A Review

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), originating from China, has rapidly crossed borders, infecting people worldwide. While its transmission may occur predominantly via aerosolization of virus-laden droplets, the possibility of other routes of contagion via the environment necessitates considerable scientific consideration. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA has been detected in the feces of infected persons, and studies also have reported its occurrence in wastewater and surface water bodies. Therefore, water may be a possible route of virus outbreaks. Agricultural irrigation is the largest use of water globally, accounting for 70% of water use worldwide. Ensuring adequate water quality within irrigation practices is fundamental to prevent harm to plants and soils, maintain food safety, and protect public health. This review aims to gather information on possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes within urban and rural water environments, looking into the detection, persistence, and fate of SARS-CoV-2. Based on published literature, the effect of current treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation has also been investigated. Preliminary research efforts that concentrated on SARS-CoV-2 indicate that the risk of virus transmission from the aquatic environment may currently be non-existent, although a few studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV RNA in soils, whereas there are still no studies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in crops.

Potential link between mountain subsidence and water discharge from a tunnel in north Iceland

<p>The Vaðlaheiði tunnel is a 7.4 km long tunnel located in north Iceland, linking the Eyjafjörður fjord and the Fnjóskadalur valley. It goes through the Vaðlaheiði mountain at maximum depth of about 500 m. The tunnel was built in order to shorten the main road around Iceland (road 1) by 16 km and avoid a mountain pass which was often blocked by snow during winters. The drilling started in July 2013. On the 16<sup>th</sup> of February, after having excavated about 1.9 km, a water vein was encountered and started to leak in the tunnel at a rate of about 350 L/s. Drilling was complete in April 2017 and the tunnel opened for traffic in December 2018. As of January 2021, about 250 L/s of a mix of geothermal and cold water is still going out of the tunnel.</p><p>The Sentinel-1 SAR satellites from the Copernicus mission provide acquisitions over Iceland since summer 2015. InSAR time-series analysis were conducted for four tracks covering Vaðlaheiði: two ascending (T118, T147) and two descending (T111, T9). Results show that part of the hill subsided about 10 mm between summer 2015 and summer 2016. It also appears that the same area was subsiding about 5 mm per year between summer 2016 and summer 2020. Older datasets from the Envisat SAR mission covering 2004-2010 were analysed and show no evidence of subsidence in the same location. Therefore, it appears there could potentially be a link between the water going out of the tunnel and the subsidence. Especially since water withdrawal at depth is known to cause surface subsidence, like in the case of agriculture irrigation or geothermal exploitation. Using numerical modelling, we attempt to explain this relation between water withdrawal and subsidence in the case of the Vaðlaheiði tunnel.</p>