Multi-scale reactive extrusion modeling approaches to design polymer synthesis, modification and mechanical recycling

Reactive extrusion (REX) is an important processing and production technique with applications in the field of polymer synthesis, modification and recycling. A full REX design demands a multi-scale approach recognizing...

Data Mining and Analysis of the Compatibility Law of Traditional Chinese Medicines Based on FP-Growth Algorithm

The compatibility law of prescriptions is the core link of TCM theory of “theory, method, prescription and medicine,” which is of great significance for guiding clinical practice, new drug development and revealing the scientific connotation of TCM theory, and is also one of the hot spots and difficulties of TCM modernization research. How to efficiently analyze the frequency of drug use, core combination, and association rules between drugs in prescription is a basic core problem in the study of prescription compatibility law. In this paper, a systematic study was made on the compatibility rules of traditional Chinese antiviral classical prescriptions and the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine molecules. FP-growth algorithm was used to analyze association rules of 961 classical prescriptions collected and to explore the compatibility rules of traditional Chinese antiviral classical prescriptions. In terms of compatibility law of traditional Chinese antiviral prescriptions, this paper studied the compatibility law of traditional Chinese antiviral prescriptions based on the FP-growth algorithm and made exploratory research on the compatibility law information of 961 traditional classical antiviral prescriptions. Firstly, FP tree was constructed based on the classic recipe data set. Then, frequent item set rules were established, and association rules contained in FP tree were extracted. Finally, the frequency and association rules of antiviral TCM prescriptions were analyzed according to dosage forms (decoction, pill, paste, and ingot). The results show that the FP-growth algorithm adopted in this paper has excellent algorithm performance and strong generalization and robustness in the screening and mining of large-scale prescription data sets, which can provide important processing tools and technical methods for the study of the compatibility rule of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.

Evaluation of sensory properties of Kilishi prepared from fermented cattle and camel beef in Semi-arid Nigeria

Meat fermentation is an important processing method with enormous nutritional and health benefits. A study was conducted to examine the sensory properties of fermented cattle and camel beef Kilishi. The effects of meat type, age and packaging on this meat quality attribute were evaluated. The experimental meat samples were fermented before utilized in Kilishi processing. The chunks of meat were sliced and then inoculated with lactic meat starter culture at three concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g /100 ml w/v). Kilishi samples for the sensory assessment were taken from each product lot. The experiment for the second trial was laid in a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The factors are two animal species (cattle and camel) aged 3, 5 and 8 years and above and four packaging arrangements: brown paper (B), polyvinyl chloride (P), aluminium foil and polyvinyl chloride (AP), brown paper and polyvinyl chloride (BP). Data generated were analysed by analysis of variance using SPSS Version 20.0 and GraphPad Instat while significantly different means were separated with Tukey HSD test. The result of sensory evaluation of the experimental Kilishi indicated that colour was ranked high and the product prepared from animals aged 5 years (middle age) and packaged in polyvinyl chloride material was the one preferred. It was concluded that fermentation and packaging improved the sensory quality of the product. Fermentation of cattle and camel beef of animals aged 5 years using 2.5% meat starter culture and the use of PVC-based package were recommended in semi-arid environment of Nigeria. La fermentation de la viande est une méthode de traitement importante avec d'énormes avantages nutritionnels et de santé. Cette étude a été menée pour examiner les propriétés sensorielles des bovins fermentés et du Kilishi de bovins à base de chameaux. Les effets du type de viande, de l'âge et de l'emballage sur cet attribut de qualité de la viande ont été évalués. Les échantillons de viande expérimentaux étaient fermentés avant l'utilisation de la transformation du Kilishi. Les morceaux de viande ont été tranchés puis inoculés avec une culture de démarreur de la viande lactique à trois concentrations (2,5, 5,0 et 7,5 g / 100 ml w/v). Les échantillons de Kilishi pour l'évaluation sensorielle ont été prélevés sur chaque lot de produit. L'expérience du deuxième essai a été déposée dans un arrangement factoriel de 2 x 3 x 4 dans une conception complètement randomisée. Les facteurs sont deux espèces animales (bovins et chameaux) âgés de 3, 5 et 8 ans et plus et quatre arrangementsd'emballage: papier brun (P), chlorure de polyvinyle (C), feuille d'aluminium et chlorure de polyvinyle (FC), papier brun et polyvinyle chlorure (PC). Les données générées ont été analysées par analyse de la variance à l'aide de SPSS version 20.0 et du graphique PadinStat, tandis que des moyens nettement différents ont été séparés avec un test de Tukey DFS. Le résultat de l'évaluation sensorielle des Kilishi expérimentaux a indiqué que la couleur était élevée et le produit préparé à partir d'animaux âgés de 5 ans (âge moyen) et emballé dans des matériaux de chlorure de polyvinyle était celui préféré. Il a été conclu que la fermentation et l'emballage ont amélioré la qualité sensorielle du produit. Fermentation du bétail et du bœuf à base de chameaux d'animaux âgés de 5 ans en utilisant une culture de démarrage de 2,5% de la viande et l'utilisation de colis à base de PVC ont été recommandées dans un environnement semi-aride du Nigéria.

Gloss and Modelling Studies of Stone Polishing, Using Linear Polishing Machines With Rotating Heads

The ornamental stone industry has always played an important role in the world economy, particularly in building construction. Polishing the slabs to increase its gloss, is an important processing operation to enhance the beauty and richness of these natural materials. Many industrial polishing machines rely on rotating heads movement along zigzag trajectories, eroding the surface as stochastically as possible, to avoid scratches and other visual defects caused by paths too symmetric. The displacement of the polishing head after a single zigzag movement and after a single rotation have been used to quantify the polishing process as these two parameters are related with the final stone gloss and are a measure of the efficiency of the polishing process. Applying experimental and new computer simulation techniques, we studied the influence of these two tool displacement parameters on the final stone gloss, and acquired insight into the accuracy of the simulation techniques that were applied here for the first time. We concluded that: 1) a clear correlation can be established between experimental and simulation data; 2) the two displacement parameters represent an effective way to control the quality and efficiency of the polishing process; 3) there is a limit for the gloss acquired through polishing processes, so polishing above a given threshold decreases the efficiency without increasing the quality.

Constraints and Prospects of Mechanized Processing of Forest Tree Seeds

Trees are generally propagated from seeds and the suitability and quality of the seeds have a big effect on the success of the plantations, afforestation and reforestation programmes established from their seedlings. In view of the fact that good forestry projects start with good seeds, the quality as well as quantity of tree seeds is very important. Processing of seeds is one of the main factors that determined the quality and quantity of seeds. However, processing of forest tree seeds in Nigeria and other developing countries has mostly been carried out using traditional methods which affects the quality of the seeds especially for large quantity of seeds. This work attempts to raise awareness on the need to mechanize processing of forest tree seeds so as to increase the quantity and quality of the seeds and to reduce the drudgery, time and health hazards involved in the common traditional methods of processing the seeds. Tree seeds are often regarded as inferior to crop seeds, a misnomer (mistaken belief) that needs to be rectified to promote tree planting.

New Insight into the Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Cultivated and Related Species of Crataegus in China, Based on Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequencing

Hawthorns (Crataegus L.) are one of the most important processing and table fruits in China, due to their medicinal properties and health benefits. However, the interspecific relationships and evolution history of cultivated Crataegus in China remain unclear. Our previously published data showed C. bretschneideri may be derived from the hybridization of C. pinnatifida with C. maximowiczii, and that introgression occurs between C. hupehensis, C. pinnatifida, and C. pinnatifida var. major. In the present study, chloroplast sequences were used to further elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of cultivated Crataegus native to China. The chloroplast genomes of three cultivated species and one related species of Crataegus were sequenced for comparative and phylogenetic analyses. The four chloroplast genomes of Crataegus exhibited typical quadripartite structures and ranged from 159,607 bp (C. bretschneideri) to 159,875 bp (C. maximowiczii) in length. The plastomes of the four species contained 113 genes consisting of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Six hypervariable regions (ndhC-trnV(UAC)-trnM(CAU), ndhA, atpH-atpI, ndhF, trnR(UCU)-atpA, and ndhF-rpl32), 196 repeats, and a total of 386 simple sequence repeats were detected as potential variability makers for species identification and population genetic studies. In the phylogenomic analyses, we also compared the entire chloroplast genomes of three published Crataegus species: C. hupehensis (MW201730.1), C. pinnatifida (MN102356.1), and C. marshallii (MK920293.1). Our phylogenetic analyses grouped the seven Crataegus taxa into two main clusters. One cluster included C. bretschneideri, C. maximowiczii, and C. marshallii, whereas the other included C. hupehensis, C. pinnatifida, and C. pinnatifida var. major. Taken together, our findings indicate that C. maximowiczii is the maternal origin of C. bretschneideri. This work provides further evidence of introgression between C. hupehensis, C. pinnatifida, and C. pinnatifida var. major, and suggests that C. pinnatifida var. major might have been artificially selected and domesticated from hybrid populations, rather than evolved from C. pinnatifida.

ANALISA KEBERADAAN SISA KLOR BEBAS PADA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI PDAM KABUPATEN BANTUL DENGAN EPANET 2.0

ABSTRACT The quality of clean water is a standard for drinking water companies when water is distributed from a Clean Water Treatment Installation (CWTI). Tto remove all particles from the raw there is important processing steps to obtain clean water such as pathogenic bacteria so that it is suitable for consumption. To remove of these pathogenic bacteria, using disinfection. The disinfectant that is often used is chlorine. The purpose is to analyze the presence of free chlorine residual in the distribution network of PDAM Bantul Regency with EPANET 2.0. This study is a quantitative study using correlation and regression analysis, while descriptive analysis is explained through tables and graphs. Sampling using purposive sampling as many as 80 samples. According to Permenkes RI 736 / MENKES / PER / VI / 2010, the average residual chlorine in the distribution pipe for the morning and afternoon. Also the conditions for an average temperature of ± 3 ° C and a pH range of 6.5 - 8.5 have been met. There is a relationship about the decreasing concentration of residual chlorine, the higher the pH value, but there is no correlation between temperature and residual chlorine.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN IMPROVED MOTORIZED MAIZE SHELLER/THRESHING MACHINE

One major essential operation in processing maize is shelling of maize. Maize shelling is one of the most important processing operations carried out in maize processing since it’s among the widely consumed grains all over the world. Shelling bring out good quality of maize which not only prolong its useful life, but also increase the net profit farmers make from its mechanization. Component parts such as: frame, hopper, transmission shaft, cylinder with spikes and blower, concave with sieve, power source, pulley and bearings was designed and fabricated. It can be moved to where it’s needed this would encourage farmers to shell their maize grains on the farm.

Verso le neuroscienze del processo progettuale

Introduces some key notions of cognitive (neuro)science including mirror neurons and perceptual and motor schemas. Much important processing may be subconscious. Af-fordances link multi-modal perception and action. Three linkages of architecture and neuroscience are noted: neuroscience of experience; neuroscience of design; and neuro-morphic architecture, “brains” for buildings. Examples are offered from Zumthor’s Therme at Vals (linking memory and imagination) and a case study of group creativity in choreography (illustrating four-dimensional planning).