Author’s forms and techniques of embodiment of psychologism in G. Pinyasov’s novellas («The Hot Summer», «The Cross»)

Introduction: the article is concerned with the study of psychological analysis in G. Pinyasov’s novellas, one of the wellknown representatives of modern Mordovian prose. Due to the fact that psychologism is a pronounced stylistic dominant of the author’s work, the main forms and techniques of artistic comprehension of the processes of internal intentions of the characters became the subject of analysis. The work fits into the complex of studies of Finno-Ugric literary studies concerning the principles and means of artistic expression of the writer. Objective: to present an analysis of artistic forms and techniques of psychologism in G. Pinyasov’s novellas. Research materials: the novellas by G. Pinyasov’s. Results and novelty of the research: the main results of the research are related to the scientific reflection of the author’s forms and techniques of psychologism in the prose experiments of G. Pinyasov, the study of the totality, significance and functionality of methods and means of comprehension, full and deep disclosure of the inner world of artistic images. The analyzed novellas indicate the writer’s attraction to the disclosure of various psychological states of a person, in connection with which the emotional manifestations, individual intentions of the characters completely absorb the author’s attention. In order to create the most complete artistic image, interpretation of feelings, thoughts, motives of behavior, desires, representations of the character, the author combines and complements external (visual portraits, direct author’s reflections, personal actions, actions, images-symbols, dialogues, speech of the hero, etc.) and internal (monologues, introspection of the hero, flashbacks, confessions, emotional reactions, presentation of thoughts, etc.) characteristics. The scientific novelty is due to the identification of the peculiarities of interpretation and artistic load of forms and techniques of psychologism in the text space of G. Pinyasov’s novellas. Due to the fact that the critical material about the author’s work is only a partial description of the forms and means of comprehending the characters of people, their inner world, it becomes necessary to actualize and systematically analyze psychologism in the author’s epic experiments.

A Comprehensive Report on the Modern Applications of Inorganic Materials in Biofuel Cell Industry

In this review, a partial description of inorganic materials from different sources has been presented to understand the function of biofuel cells. One of today’s greatest problems is the deficiency of fossil fuels and particularly oil. While also concerning over the environmental issue one of the new and effective resources of energy is biofuel cells (BFCs). It is important to keep in mind that the recent progress in the application of inorganic materials in biofuel cells put the emphasis particularly on the electrode and redox behaviour. Here we have discussed the primary challenges of applying inorganic materials to use as electrode in BFCs for future technology. Recently the future of energy depends on the creative design of the stable and efficient systems to produce clean and renewable energy sources, such as biofuel cells. The physical challenges and associated problems lead our discussion in better engineering path as well as in theoretical approach to apply various inorganic substances in BFCs.

The Pósa method with ATD lenses: Praxeological analysis on math problems in Hungarian talent care education with ‘recursion’ in their logos blocksLa méthode Pósa avec des lentilles TAD: analyse praxéologique des problèmes mathématiques dans l’enseignement hongrois de soins aux talents avec «récursion» dans leurs blocs de logos

The praxeological analysis of selected questions used in the Hungarian Pósa method is presented, focusing on a common element in their logos blocks, called recursive thinking. As part of a broader research with reverse didactic engineering methodology, aiming at theorizing the ‘intuitively’ developed Pósa method, the present findings are also compared to previous results and re-interpret the concepts of kernel and web of problem thread. Based on these results gained by using tools of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic, the paper offers a partial description of the didactic strategy of the Pósa method for inquiry-based learning mathematics and raises questions for further research.RésuméNous présentons l'analyse praxéologique de certaines questions utilisées dans la méthode hongroise Pósa, en nous concentrant sur un élément commun à leurs logos blocs, appelé pensée récursive. Dans le cadre d’une recherche plus large qui met en place une méthodologie d’ingénierie didactique inverse visant à théoriser la méthode de Pósa développée "intuitivement", les résultats actuels réinterprètent les concepts de noyau et de réseau de fils de problèmes. Sur la base des résultats obtenus en utilisant les outils de la théorie anthropologique du didactique, l'article offre une description partielle de la stratégie didactique de la méthode Pósa pour l'apprentissage des mathématiques basé sur l'enquête, et soulève des questions pour des recherches ultérieures.

Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy

Scelidosaurus harrisonii is an early (Late Sinemurian) armoured ornithischian dinosaur whose remains have, to date, only been recovered from a restricted location on the south coast of Dorset (Charmouth), England. This dinosaur has been known since 1859, but only on the basis of a partial description found in two articles published in the early 1860s by Richard Owen. The original material, discovered in 1858, comprised the majority of the skull and its associated postcranial skeleton, and represents the first ever, more or less complete dinosaur discovered. In addition to the original material, a number of further discoveries have been made at Charmouth; these latter supplement the information that can be gleaned from the original specimen. This article describes the skull of Scelidosaurus. The external surface of individual skull bones in ontogenetically relatively mature individuals displays exostoses, a patina of fibrous or granular-textured bone that anchored an external shielding of keratinous scales. There is a small, edentulous rostral beak, behind which is found a row of five heterodont premaxillary teeth. There is a minimum of 22 maxillary teeth and 27 dentary teeth in jaws of the largest well-preserved individuals known to date. Both dentitions (upper and lower) are bowed medially and are sinuous longitudinally. Maxillary and dentary crowns are tilted lingually on their roots, trapezoidal in outline and have crenellate (coarsely denticulate) margins. Adjacent crowns of teeth have mesiodistally (anteroposteriorly) expanded bases that overlap slightly and are consequently arranged en echelon. The dentitions are flanked by deep cheek pouches. Tooth abrasion is usually discontinuous along the dentition. In one individual nearly all teeth seem to be fully emerged and there is little evidence of abrasion. There is no physical evidence of a predentary, but the presence of this (typically ornithischian) element may be inferred from the structure of the symphyseal region of the dentary. The external narial and antorbital fenestrae are comparatively small, whereas the orbit and temporal fenestrae are large and open. A sclerotic ring was undoubtedly present and supported the eyeball, but it is too poorly preserved to allow it to be reconstructed with accuracy. A prominent supraorbital brow ridge overhangs the orbit. There are three osteoderms: palpebral, middle supraorbital and posterior supraorbital, sutured to the dorsal margin of the orbit. The occiput provides an area for attachment of a pair of curved, keratin-sheathed, osteodermal horns. Epistyloid bones project from the ventrolateral region of the braincase; their distal ends flank the anterolateral region of the neck. Rugose facets on either side of the basioccipital are suggested to have provided attachment sites for the epistyloid bones. Internally, the skull has a deeply vaulted snout and the nasal chambers are roofed by what are here named epivomer bones that appear to have been sutured to the dorsolateral edges of the vomers. Unusually, among dinosaurs generally, an epipterygoid is preserved attached to the dorsolateral surface of the pterygoid; there is no obvious point of articulation for the epipterygoid against the lateral wall of the braincase. A deep pit on the posterior surface of the quadrate of an immature specimen is suggestive of the existence of a remnant of cranial pneumatism. This pit becomes occluded in larger, more mature specimens.

SETU: A Non-government Organisation in Bangladesh

This is a brief and partial description of SETU, a non-government organisation in Bangladesh. It includes the author’s observations and social development activities of SETU. Inspired by the work of the SETU, it suggests further systematic research and documentation of development activities of SETU.

Introduction

I explain my basic claim: Frege’s doctrine that sentences embedded in indirect discourse and propositional attitude reports refer to Thoughts, their customary senses, put the philosophies of mind and language on a detour. The doctrine reflected and reinforced a picture of the attitudes as consisting in relations to propositions. The alternative picture for which I argue is that the attitudes are rather episodes that have truth-conditions that can be classified in a variety of ways. The propositions we take to be “what is said” or “what is believed” give only a partial description of these truth-conditions. I then lay out the plan for the book, and discuss issues of terminology.

Introduction

This introductory chapter provides a background of Graeco-Roman grammar. The Roman Empire was different from that of the European Middle Ages, and from the way it came itself to be perceived in the Renaissance. Therefore, part of the history of grammar in the west is of its adaptation to new circumstances and new pressures. Any grammar is a partial description of a language, which identifies certain kinds of unit and relations of certain kinds between them. Those established in antiquity in analyses of Greek and Latin were later taken as a model for the description of languages whose structure was in one way or another different. However, other units and relations came in time to be identified, which have since been taken up by scholars generally. A central aim then of this book is to make clear what the ancient model was.

Hermeneutika Terjemah Al-Qur’an Era Kolonial: Telaah Kitab Terjemah Al-Qur’an Hidāḥyah al-Raḥmān

The process of translating the Koran into local languages has a hermeneutic side that depends on the translator's milieu. This cannot be avoided as a logical consequence of the gradation of God's words into human words. Even the translated book of the Qur'an Hidāya al-Raḥmān by Muhammad Hanbali cannot be separated from the context - in this case colonial - so that this work also becomes an integral part that can be used to add fragments to the picture of the period. The author assumes that the study of this book has its own significance because the translation of the Qur'an has a broader range of verses than the Qur'anic commentary which is only studied by educated circles. This article will reveal the process of writing translation texts written in the pre-independence era. Furthermore, the factors causing the content of the text are arranged in a certain way as an answer or resistance to the problems at that time. Schleiermacher's hermeneutic theory will be used as an approach to understanding the overall picture or number and partial description or phenomenon of the text. From this it was found that the writing of this book was carried out carefully because of the supervision of the colonial government against the text to protect the status quo. Besides that, the nuances of the pensantren and Javanese ethics strongly influenced the writing style of the book.Keywords: Translation, Hidāya al-Raḥmān, colonial, hermeneutics. Proses penerjemahan Al-Qur’an ke dalam bahasa lokal memiliki sisi hermeneutis yang bergantung pada milieu penerjemah. Hal ini tidak dapat dihindari sebagai konsekuensi logis akan gradasi dari kata-kata Tuhan menjadi kata-kata manusia. Pun kitab terjemah Al-Qur’an Hidāyah al-Raḥmān karya Muhammad Hanbali tidak lepas dari konteks –dalam hal ini kolonial– sehingga karya ini juga menjadi bagian integral yang dapat digunakan untuk menambah fragmen gambaran kurun tersebut. Penulis berasumsi bahwa telaah terhadap kitab ini memiliki signifikansi tersendiri karena terjemah Al-Qur’an memiliki jangakauan lebih luas daripada kitab tafsir Al-Qur’an yang hanya dikaji oleh kalangan terpelajar. Artikel ini akan mengungkap proses kepenulisan teks terjemah yang dikarang di era pra-kemerdekaan tersebut. Lebih jauh akan ditelaah faktor-faktor penyebab konten teks disusun dengan cara tertentu sebagai jawaban atau perlawanan atas permasalahan pada tempo itu. Teori hermeneutika Schleiermacher akan digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk memahami gambaran keseluruhan atau nomena dan gambaran parsial atau fenomena dari teks. Dari sini ditemukan bahwa penulisan kitab ini dilakukan secara hati-hati karena adanya pengawasan dari pemerintah kolonial terhadap teks yang melawan status quo. Di samping itu nuansa kepesantrenan dan etika Jawa sangat kental memengaruhi gaya kepenulisan kitab.Kata Kunci: Terjemah, Hidāyah al-Raḥmān, kolonial, hermeneutika.

Frölicher–Nijenhuis cohomology on G2- and Spin(7)-manifolds

In this paper, we show that a parallel differential form [Formula: see text] of even degree on a Riemannian manifold allows to define a natural differential both on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], defined via the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket. For instance, on a Kähler manifold, these operators are the complex differential and the Dolbeault differential, respectively. We investigate this construction when taking the differential with respect to the canonical parallel [Formula: see text]-form on a [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-manifold, respectively. We calculate the cohomology groups of [Formula: see text] and give a partial description of the cohomology of [Formula: see text].

The BNS-invariant for Artin groups of circuit rank 2

The BNS-invariant or{\Sigma^{1}}-invariant is the first of a series of geometric invariants of finitely generated groups defined in the eighties that are deeply related to finiteness properties of their subgroups, although they are very hard to compute. Meier, Meinert and VanWyk have obtained a partial description of{\Sigma^{1}}of Artin groups, but the complete description of the general case is still an open problem. Let the circuit rank of an Artin group be the free rank of the fundamental group of its underlying graph. Meier, in a previous work, obtained a complete description for Artin groups of circuit rank 0, i.e., whose underlying graphs are trees. In a previous work we have proved, in joint work with Kochloukova, the same description to be true for Artin groups of circuit rank 1. In this paper we prove the description to be true for every Artin group of circuit rank 2.