TOOTH WEAR IN CHILDREN - PREVALENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES AND RISK FACTORS

Introduction: Pathological tooth wear in children with primary dentition can be a result of various harmful habits, risk factors and nocturnal bruxism. It is difficult to be distinguished from physiological tooth wear. Aim:To study caries prevalence, tooth wear prevalence, its clinical characteristics and its relationship with bruxism in children aged 3 - 7 years. Materials and methods: The object of the study are 222 children, divided into 5 age groups - from 3 to 7 years. The examined children underwent a clinical examination, during which the following were registered: dental status, caries prevalence, the type, degree and prevalence of tooth wear. Information on the presence and characteristics of nocturnal bruxism in the examined children was obtained from the parents. The results were statistically processed with SPSS-19. Results: Tooth wear is found in more than 2/3 of the examined children (P<0.05). The highest average number of abraded teeth is present in 6- and 7-year-old children - about 7. Tooth abrasion affects 75% of canine teeth, 37.6% of incisors and 11.8% of molars in children aged 3-7 years. The predominant severity of wear is that in the inner ½ of the enamel (degree 1b) and occurs in 41.7% of children (P<0.05). 1/3 of the examined children have nocturnal bruxism (P<0.05). In almost 90% of them, tooth wear was found (P<0.05). Conclusions: There is an increase in the severity of tooth abrasion with age in children between 3-7 years. Nocturnal bruxism is almost always accompanied by tooth wear.

Celiac disease: non-carious lesions of the teeth

The high prevalence of non-carious manifestations in patients with celiac disease is described by numerous authors, who are considered as a diagnostic key to atypical forms of celiac disease. The manifestations closely associated with celiac disease include: defects in tooth enamel, pathological tooth abrasion, as a violation of the mineralization of dental crowns, and morphofunctional defects in the hard tissues of the teeth.Materials and methods. We examined 45 patients aged 23 to 36 years with a diagnosis of celiac disease, established on the basis of the results of clinical anamnestic, genetic, instrumental studies, morphological study of a biopsy specimen of the intestinal mucosa.Result. Examination of the dentition of the patients showed that 100% of the examined had pathological abrasion of tooth enamel. Crowded teeth were found in 32 patients. Partial symmetric congenital adentia was diagnosed in 5 patients.Conclusion. The revealed dentoalveolar anomalies can be attributed to oral manifestations of celiac disease, which is a diagnostic criterion for suspected disease.

Evaluation of the influence of sports loads on the maxillofacial area of cheerleaders

BACKGROUND: At the moment, it has not been sufficiently studied what effect physical exercises with weights have on the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal and temporomandibular joint. AIM: Study the effect of serious sports loads on individual organs and tissues of the human body, including dental health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical examination and questionnaire survey of 60 cheerleader athletes were conducted. The criteria for inclusion in the study were the age from 15 to 27 years, constant cheerleading training for more than 6 months, and the presence of voluntary informed consent. Exclusion criteria: age less than 15 years and older than 27 years, constant cheerleading training for less than 6 months, refusal to participate in the survey. The patients were divided into two equal groups: Group 1 college cheerleader athletes; Group 2 university cheerleader athletes. The groups were divided into three subgroups: 1st subgroup engaged in cheerleading from 6 months to 1 year; 2nd subgroup from 1 year to 2 years; 3rd subgroup more than 2 years. When filling out the questionnaire, patients were asked the question: Do you use any means for the prevention and prevention of pathological diseases of the oral cavity?. During the examination of the oral cavity, the degree of tooth abrasion, tongue damage and pathological changes in the temporomandibular joint were assessed. RESULTS: The results show that the preventive dental activity of patients was low. Most of the respondents had no basic ideas about the prevention of pathological changes in the oral cavity during cheerleading. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study show that the preventive dental activity of the participants was low. Thus, there is a need to develop tools and materials for the effective prevention of tooth abrasion, tongue damage, and pathological changes in the temporomandibular joint.

Algorithm for analyzing the movement pattern of the temporomandibular joint musculararticular system based on multichannel electromyogram processing

Musculoskeletal system disorders is one of the priority directions in dentistry. They can manifest as Kosten's syndrome, snapping jaw, painful dysfunction syndrome, increased tooth abrasion, splits, breaks, pain and spasms in muscles, etc. The study set the following objectives: to develop an algorithm for analyzing the movement pattern of the muscular-articular system by developing an algorithm for recording, analyzing, filtering and processing multichannel electromyograms of the maxillofacial muscles. Analysis of the proposed algorithm for processing multichannel electromyograms showed that 7.2 % of multichannel electromyograms could not be analyzed due to patients' violations of the movement algorithm; 8.7 % of electromyogram checkpoint values were corrected. The group without dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint is characterized by the prevalence of the relaxation coefficient of the left temporal muscle over the coefficient of the right muscle. The dysfunctioned group has the opposite result. The value of the compression ratio of the temporal muscles exceeding 2.5 is typical for the group with dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint. The studied groups differ as much as possible when analyzing the relaxation coefficients of the temporal muscles. When analyzing this coefficient, it was possible to truly determine the presence or absence of violations in 50 %, falsely – in 16 % of cases. The coefficient of relaxation of the masticatory muscles made it possible to obtain a true state of 24 %, a false one – in 8 %. We concluded that the compression ratio is less suitable for separating patients with and without dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF PATHOLOGICAL ABRASION DEVELOPMENT OF HARD TISSUES OF TEETH (ACCORDING TO LITERATURE SOURCES)

Relevance. Tooth abrasion is an inevitable consequence of their evolutionarily determined purpose of acquiring food through predation, detention, capture, grinding, chewing and swallowing. The mechanism of odontogenesis, according to which the amelogenesis of enamel ends with the death of ameloblasts before eruption, makes it impossible to recover enamel after damaging. Accordingly, any damage of any source is reflected on the hardest and oldest remains of creatures with teeth forever. Thus, tooth abrasion has a multifactorial origin and is based on diet and eating habits, oral hygiene, bruxism, brushing habits, xerostomia, anorexia, gastro-oesophageal reflex disease, vomiting, bulimia, and medications. Because enamel is the most wear-resistant tissue, the hardness and thickness of the enamel become evolutionary responses to environmental and dietary changes. In different periods of human development, there were certain, inherent in the time and territory of residence, taste preferences, eating habits, cooking methods, popular dishes. Constant acceleration, efforts to be on time everywhere, urbanization and industrialization have forced people to adapt, change their habits, including food. Fast food has become popular: chips, nuts, crackers and other snacks. Sour sauces and various salad dressings are added to them. A large selection of carbonated sweet drinks, or containing natural juices, gradually displace the habit of plain water drinking. On the other hand, modern fast-paced life causes increased nervous load, chronic stress, irritability and constant fatigue, which in turn affects the tone of the masticatory muscles. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the presence of somatic diseases, behavioral habits, individual characteristics of the bite, working conditions. Impact of numerous factors lead to changes of old hard tissues. Different types and forms of tooth abrasion are a great example of this. Among the non-caries lesions that develop after the eruption of permanent teeth, tooth abrasion is a common problem. Purpose of the research: to study contemporary etiological factors of developing of tooth abrasion (according to the literature). Object of the research: sources of domestic and foreign literature. Results of the research. According to the opinion of some authors, tooth abrasion is an irreversible loss of tooth substance caused by physical, chemical and mechanical factors excluding caries and acute injury. Note, there are several factors present in each clinical case and one of them is dominant. Currently, there is a significant increase in tooth abrasion prevalence because of contacts with acids that are present in food, drinks and gastric juice. This pathology is a complex condition and its progress depends on influence of chemical, biological and behavioural factors. Tooth abrasion is not present in all people, who are predisposed to this disease. The relationship between enamel genes and tooth abrasion propensity has been identified. The prevalence is higher among males. There is a proved connection between changes in the gene responsible for the enamel creation and lower tendency to abrasion in females. Analyses have shown a significant connection between variation in enamel genes and less susceptibility to tooth abrasion in women. Thus, the occurrence of tooth abrasion can be genetically determined and have a gender difference. This can be explained by the fact that men have better developed masticatory muscles. In young people, who visit gyms more commonly, tooth abrasion is the prevalent diagnosis especially local forms. In patients with bruxism, the forces applied to the teeth are bigger and the tooth abrasion is higher too. Peculiarities of occlusion are also possible factors of tooth abrasion. The most prominent tooth abrasion occurs in patients with straight bite. Teeth and jaws development abnormalities also cause tooth abrasion. People aged 45-64 and 65+ were 1.3 and 1.4 times more likely to have teeth with moderate to severe abrasion, respectively, compared to people aged 18-44. In adult men, the prevalence of tooth abrasion is 20% higher than in adult women. Adults who have used occlusal splints have a higher prevalence of tooth abrasion than those who have never used them. The prevalence of the disease in children older than 12 years was found to be 50% lower than in children younger than 12 years. No association was found between tooth abrasion and orthodontic treatment, absence of teeth, race or ethnicity. There is a close connection between the frequency and degree of tooth abrasion and age of workers, as well as work experience in harmful production. There is a growth of the pathology among workers of antimony and mercury industries. Damaging factors exist in the process of production of iron ore. Moreover, the height of the city above sea level changes the dynamics and clinical picture of the disease too. The highest rate of the horizontal type was found in (78.3%) people living in alpine zone, while in the medium mountains it was 68.4%. In the low-mountains the prevalence of the horizontal form of tooth abrasion was 46.9% only. Localized tooth abrasion in alpine areas is almost twice as frequent (65.5%) as the generalised forms (34.7%). Localized tooth abrasion was more typical for urban residents, and generalised for rural. Socio-economic status can also contribute to tooth abrasion. In their study, the authors found a much higher value of it in the lowest socio-economic category. This link between brushing teeth and socioeconomic factors may be related to diet, lifestyle habits, oral health awareness, or the choice of prosthetic techniques. Conclusion. Based on the study of sources in domestic and foreign literature, the authors showed great interest in the problem of the prevalence of tooth abrasion. However, the question of the etiology of the localized form is given insufficient attention, which requires further study.

Changes in the dentition with increased tooth abrasion

In the article the analysis of the changes in the dentoalveolar system occurring with increased abrasion of the teeth is carried out, the features of these changes and the compensatory capabilities of the dentoalveolar system with pathological abrasion are considered. It was concluded that the observed rearrangements on the part of many structures of the maxillofacial region (jaw bones, temporomandibular joint, teeth, muscles) should be established during diagnosis and treatment should be planned taking into account the morphological and functional changes that have arisen on the part of all elements of the dentition, which will help improve the effectiveness of treatment.

A State-of-the-Art Review on the Wear of the Occlusal Surfaces of Natural Teeth and Prosthetic Crowns

This review focuses on the wear mechanisms of natural and restorative dental materials, presenting a comprehensive description and analysis of the works published in the last two decades on the wear at the interface of occlusal surfaces. Different groups of tribological pairs were considered: tooth-tooth, tooth-restorative material (tooth-ceramic, tooth-resin-based-materials, and tooth-metal), and restorative-restorative materials. The lack of standardization of the wear tests impairs the direct comparison of the obtained results. However, it was possible to infer about the main wear mechanisms observed on the different classes of dental materials. Concerning ceramics, their toughness and surface finishing determines the wear of antagonist tooth. Abrasion revealed to be the main wear mechanisms at occlusal interface. In the case of resin-based composites, the cohesion of the organic matrix and the nature, shape, and amount of filler particles greatly influences the dental wear. The protruding and detachment of the filler particles are the main causes of abrasion of antagonist enamel. Metallic materials induce lower wear on antagonist enamel than the other classes of materials, because of their low hardness and high ductility. Most of the studies revealed plastic deformation and adhesive wear as the main wear mechanisms. Overall, more research in this area is needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved at the occlusal surfaces wear. This would be essential for the development of more suitable restoration materials.

Hubungan Karakteristik dan Kebiasaan Menyikat Gigi dengan Kejadian Abrasi Gigi Pada Pegawai Yayasan Masjid Al-ikhlas Cilandak Jakarta

ABSTRACT Abrasion is damage to dental tissue due to foreign objects, such as toothbrushes and toothpastes that contain abrasive ingredients. Abrasion caused by brushing teeth in a horizontal direction and with excessive emphasis. This study aims to obtain an overview of the relationship between the characteristics and habits of brushing teeth with the incidence of dental abrasion in employees of the Al-Ikhlas Masjid Cilandak Foundation in Jakarta. This research is a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The research sample used total sampling totaling 32 employees of Masjid Al-Ikhlas Foundation. Data collection through direct interviews and observations by filling out checklist sheets and dental abnormalities (tooth abrasion) cards. Data analysis was conducted in univariate and bivariate. The results of univariate analysis showed that the incidence of tooth abrasion was mostly in the high category (53.1%), employee age> 38 years (56.3%), female sex (56.3%), tooth brushing frequency <3 times (62, 5%), and the tooth brushing technique is mostly good (56.3%). The results of bivariate analysis, variables that were significantly associated with dental abrasion events were the frequency of tooth brushing (p = 0.035 and OR = 7,000), and tooth brushing techniques (p = 0.029 and OR = 7.333). Keywords: Dental abrasion, characteristics, and habit of brushing teeth

Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy

Scelidosaurus harrisonii is an early (Late Sinemurian) armoured ornithischian dinosaur whose remains have, to date, only been recovered from a restricted location on the south coast of Dorset (Charmouth), England. This dinosaur has been known since 1859, but only on the basis of a partial description found in two articles published in the early 1860s by Richard Owen. The original material, discovered in 1858, comprised the majority of the skull and its associated postcranial skeleton, and represents the first ever, more or less complete dinosaur discovered. In addition to the original material, a number of further discoveries have been made at Charmouth; these latter supplement the information that can be gleaned from the original specimen. This article describes the skull of Scelidosaurus. The external surface of individual skull bones in ontogenetically relatively mature individuals displays exostoses, a patina of fibrous or granular-textured bone that anchored an external shielding of keratinous scales. There is a small, edentulous rostral beak, behind which is found a row of five heterodont premaxillary teeth. There is a minimum of 22 maxillary teeth and 27 dentary teeth in jaws of the largest well-preserved individuals known to date. Both dentitions (upper and lower) are bowed medially and are sinuous longitudinally. Maxillary and dentary crowns are tilted lingually on their roots, trapezoidal in outline and have crenellate (coarsely denticulate) margins. Adjacent crowns of teeth have mesiodistally (anteroposteriorly) expanded bases that overlap slightly and are consequently arranged en echelon. The dentitions are flanked by deep cheek pouches. Tooth abrasion is usually discontinuous along the dentition. In one individual nearly all teeth seem to be fully emerged and there is little evidence of abrasion. There is no physical evidence of a predentary, but the presence of this (typically ornithischian) element may be inferred from the structure of the symphyseal region of the dentary. The external narial and antorbital fenestrae are comparatively small, whereas the orbit and temporal fenestrae are large and open. A sclerotic ring was undoubtedly present and supported the eyeball, but it is too poorly preserved to allow it to be reconstructed with accuracy. A prominent supraorbital brow ridge overhangs the orbit. There are three osteoderms: palpebral, middle supraorbital and posterior supraorbital, sutured to the dorsal margin of the orbit. The occiput provides an area for attachment of a pair of curved, keratin-sheathed, osteodermal horns. Epistyloid bones project from the ventrolateral region of the braincase; their distal ends flank the anterolateral region of the neck. Rugose facets on either side of the basioccipital are suggested to have provided attachment sites for the epistyloid bones. Internally, the skull has a deeply vaulted snout and the nasal chambers are roofed by what are here named epivomer bones that appear to have been sutured to the dorsolateral edges of the vomers. Unusually, among dinosaurs generally, an epipterygoid is preserved attached to the dorsolateral surface of the pterygoid; there is no obvious point of articulation for the epipterygoid against the lateral wall of the braincase. A deep pit on the posterior surface of the quadrate of an immature specimen is suggestive of the existence of a remnant of cranial pneumatism. This pit becomes occluded in larger, more mature specimens.