Forensic investigation of Gumbasa irrigation main canal damage due to large-scale flow liquefaction in Sibalaya caused by the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake

This study conducted an extensive soil investigation in the Sibalaya liquefaction area to identify the Gumbasa main canal’s damage triggered by flow liquefaction. Several field tests and trenches with approximately 4 m were excavated to observe liquefied soil layers directly near the canal. A borehole, standard penetration test, and multichannel analysis surface waves (MASW) were performed beside the trench to obtain each layer’s penetration resistance. This research aims to understand the landslide’s whole aspect. The ground movements were analyzed by using satellite photos before and after the earthquake. The displacement of the main canal, the typical damage inventory, and the proposed reconstruction of the main canal are the focus of this study. As a result of the forensic investigation, the liquefied layers and debris flow contributing to the massive landslide were identified to impact the primary canal. The typical damage of the canal was due to surface rupture that occurred both horizontally and vertically. A solution for reconstructing the main canal is to use a flexible pipe canal structure. That will be resilient to future earthquake and ground movements, stabilize the ground downslope of the existing canal to limit the risk of future lateral movement in future earth tremors.

Investigation on Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Soil Moisture and Salinity in Typical Subareas of Ningxia Yellow Diversion Irrigation Area

The problem of soil salinization in Ningxia Yellow Diversion Irrigation Area is relatively serious, which restricts the sustainable development of agricultural production to some extent. In this paper, the soil moisture and salinity along the West Main Canal and Tanglai Canal in Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area are investigated through choosing field sampling, and employing Kriging interpolation method. Soil moisture, salinity ions content and pH value are measured, and their temporal and spatial distributions are analyzed. The results show that the salinization in the soil surface of the studied area is cohesive and the soil is alkaline. The salinity content in soil gradually increases from southwest to northeast and the soil salination in Nanliang Farm of the studied area is relatively more serious. Generally speaking, the soil moisture along Tanglai Canal is higher than that along West Main Canal.

Known but not called by name: recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge of freshwater plants in Hungary

Background Documenting local ecological knowledge (LEK) has recently become a topic of considerable interest. LEK can contribute to various areas of ecology, including habitat management and conservation biology. It has been recently revealed that recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge (FEK) can also provide valuable information about different organisms and habitats, while recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge is understudied in many aspects and regions of the world. Methods We aimed to record Hungarian recreational FEK on plant species related to freshwater habitats. Our research was conducted in three regularly fished water bodies in Hungary, namely Lake Velence, Keleti Main Canal, and Lake Látóképi, where a total of 72 interviews were conducted with recreational anglers. During interviews, 24 plant species occurring at freshwater habitats with common or sporadic distribution were shown to anglers as single species or in congeneric pairs. Miscellaneous plant-related knowledge of anglers was also collected. Results Anglers identified a total of 16 plant species. They used 45 botanical or folk names. An angler knew the name of 4.6 plants on average and recognized 7.4 other species without naming it. According to our detailed analysis, anglers were able to name or at least recognize those plant species which are somehow related to fishing activities, are salient, and/or common. Moreover, anglers at Lake Velence recognized less plant species; however, they also had less years of fishing experience compared to anglers of the other two locations. Conclusion We found that recreational FEK exists even in the case of freshwater plants which are not the main focus of anglers. It is highly presumable that recreational fishers would be able to provide reliable ecologically related data for scientific research establishing future citizen science projects of nature conservation.

Variation characteristic of the Yellow River water resources in Ningxia section

The subject of rapid economic and social development impact of global climate change and the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the past decade, Ningxia Yellow River water into Gansu substantial reduced, resulting in Ningxia exit water also reduced to varying degrees, but the water entry and exit difference (water consumption) has increased. In this paper, comparative analysis of the Yellow River in Ningxia Section from 2001 to 2012 and from 1956 to 1995 data, found the average years of entry water by about 18%, leaving an average of about 23% less water for many years, Ningxia Yellow River water consumption increased by about 48%. Water impact from Meili Canal, Qixing canal, Qing Tongxia east and west main canal, 211.73 m3/s annual flux above Qing Tongxia Reservoir was evacuated by 2001 to 2012, more water in irrigated areas back from Shi Zui Shan section of the Yellow River once again return to the Yellow River, flow in the Ningxia exit section of the Yellow River than Qing Tongxia station extra 102.99 m3/s; the point of view during the year, due to the irrigation water from late March, the entry water becomes greater than exit water of the Yellow River in Ningxia section, effective irrigation due to precipitation increases in August, the difference between entry water and exit water becomes narrow, with the withdrawal of water regression in irrigated areas in downstream segment, thus result of the Shi Zuishan exit section flow than the entry of water cross section in varying degrees of increases in September, October and December.

Known But Not Called by name: Recreational Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge of Freshwater Plants in Hungary

Background: Documenting local ecological knowledge (LEK) has recently became a topic of considerable interest. LEK can contribute to various areas of ecology, including habitat management and conservation biology. It has been recently revealed that recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge (FEK) can also provide valuable information about different organisms and habitats, while recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge is understudied in many aspects and regions of the world. Methods: We aimed to record Hungarian recreational FEK on plant species related to freshwater habitats. Our research was conducted in three regularly fished water bodies in Hungary, namely Lake Velence, Keleti Main Canal, and Lake Látóképi, where a total of 72 interviews were conducted with recreational anglers. During interviews, 24 plant species occurring at freshwater habitats with common or sporadic distribution were shown to anglers as single species or in congeneric pairs. Miscellaneous plant related knowledge of anglers was also collected. Results: Anglers identified a total of 16 plant species. They used 45 botanical or folk names. An angler knew the name of 4.6 plants on average, and recognized 7.4 other species without naming it. According to our detailed analysis, anglers were able to name or at least recognise those plant species which are somehow related to fishing activities, are salient and/or common. Moreover, anglers at Lake Velence recognized less plant species, however, they also had less years of fishing experience compared to anglers of the other two locations. Conclusion: We found that recreational FEK exist even in the case of freshwater plants which are not the main focus of anglers. It is highly presumable that recreational fishers would be able to provide reliable ecologically related data for scientific research establishing future citizen science projects of nature conservation.

Estimation and Canal Conveyance Losses in Pune District

Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. In present paper, study of Nira Left Bank Canal (NLBC) is done which is situated in Pune district. Total length of canal is 162 Km out of which 30 Km is our study area. Discharge calculations at the head of canal and at 30th Km is done, two standing wave flumes are present at these two locations. Since last few decades, the extensive underutilization has been found in canal irrigation. This issue constitutes the serious lacuna in irrigational planning which often depicts the major problem about optimal water use. As per FAO Aquastat 2015 records for India, out of 91% of water utilized for agriculture purpose, 45% is getting lost under different types of conveyance losses from dam headworks till farms. The conveyance losses constitute the seepage and evaporation losses. Out of these, seepage is a quite significant loss in most of the water conveyance systems. Estimating conveyance losses using physical methods is quite difficult and involves lots of field work and calculations, whereas empirical and analytical methods will not accommodate site condition of respective study area. This study attempted to assess the conveyance loss of Nira Left Bank Bank Main canal with the help of a hydraulic model built on a spatial platform and verified with flow-monitoring events. The hydrospatial model was simulated to understand the canal behaviour and evaluate the conveyance losses. The results show Nira Left Bank Main canal has average 39.96% water conveyance loss.

New Protocol and Architecture for a Wastewater Treatment System Intended for Irrigation

Water quality may be affected by aspects such as pollution from industries, agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, and waste produced by humans. This contamination can affect the produce of the fields irrigated by untreated water. Therefore, it is necessary to add a treatment process in irrigation systems. In this paper, an architecture, communication protocol, and a data analysis algorithm for a wastewater treatment system intended for irrigation are presented. Our system includes a smart group-based wireless sensor network that is able to detect high salinity levels and pollution stains, such as oil spills. When contamination is detected, the water is led into auxiliary canals that perform the biosorption process to treat the water and dump it back into the main canal. Simulations were performed to assess the amount of data stored on the secure digital (SD) card, the consumed bandwidth, and the energy consumption of our proposal. The results show the system has a low bandwidth consumption with a maximum of 2.58 kbps for the setting of two daily data transmissions of the node in the last auxiliary canal. Furthermore, it can sustain the energy consumption in adverse conditions, where the node with the highest energy consumption reaches the lowest energy value of 12,320 mW/h.

Obturation of A Mandibular 2nd Molar with the Help of Ultrasonic Irrigation to Clean the Lateral Canal

Apex of root is of great interest for endodontists mainly because of different stages involved in its development and the surrounding tissues. Mandibular molars normally consists of 2 roots, one mesial and one distal. About common occurrence, 2 canals are found in mesial root and 1 canal in the distal root. The patient was diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. After cleaning and shaping, the next step is obturation. Lateral canals are complex findings in the apical third of root which is characterized as a lateral canal deviating from the main canal. Normally, this lateral canal is not part of the standard root canal procedure due to the complexities, but sometimes obturation might be possible, which might affect the long-term prognosis of the tooth. Advanced skills are required to attempt and complete obturation of the lateral canal which might be a difficult task for the general practitioners.

Desigualdad social y toma de decisiones en los comunales: El gobierno del mayor canal de riego de España (la Acequia Real del Júcar, Valencia) en el siglo XIX

We analyse the management institutions of a community irrigation system in Mediterranean Spain, the Acequia Real (Royal Canal) of the Júcar river, where social inequality among irrigators was high. We look at the changes in the canal's institutions over time. There were two levels of government institutions. Only the elites could participate in the first one, that is, the government of the main canal. Although the local management bodies that governed the successive derivations of the main canal included more people, not every irrigator had the right to be part of them, but there were informal participation mechanisms that allowed everyone to voice.