Optimal Characterization of 28 GHz Bowtie Antenna for 5G Applications

Here, the selection of the design parameters of the bowtie patch antenna (BPA) for 5G applications is presented as a multidimensional, multi-purpose design optimization problem. The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is 28 GHz, which is the standard for millimeter waveband and 5G technologies. In order to overcome this difficult design optimization, a new, fast and powerful optimization algorithm was used by modified the non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-III and optimal characterization of the microwave antenna design was obtained. It is assumed that the optimal characterization gives the best solution for the determined cost function, among the possible solutions within the specified range. The superiority of the proposed method has been proven by comparing it with similar types of algorithm. The antennas in the results found have good performance operating at 28 GHz, with a return loss of up to –49 dB, a gain of around 1.96 dB, good directivity, and the radiation pattern of the proposed antenna has a good match over the required frequency. Therefore, the proposed design can be used in 5G devices. As a whole, the proposed design optimization process is an efficient, fast and reliable solution for all antenna design problems.

Graphene two terminal detector as THz mixer

The growing requirements for mobile communication networks (data transfer rates over 100 Gbps) makes it necessary to use carrier signal with a frequency of at least 100 GHz. This requires the development of cheap and broadband sub-terahertz (sub-THz) detectors. Here we report on our recent efforts toward the development of a heterodyne sub-THz detector based on a single layer graphene two-terminal device integrated with a bowtie antenna on a sapphire substrate. Our detector operates at frequency of 140 GHz, which corresponds to the maximum transmission of THz radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. The heterodyne detection is achieved by quasi-optical coupling of signals from two sub-THz radiation sources to the same detector. The measured frequency bandwidth is 5.8 GHz.

Konversi Antena Mimo 2x2 Frekuensi 2,4 Ghz Menjadi 5,5 Ghz Menggunakan Patch Bowtie Berbasis Dual Slot Segi Empat dan Single Slot Segitiga

Perkembangan antena radar semakin cepat dan beragam, salah satunya adalah antena MIMO (multiple output). Antena MIMO banyak digunakan untuk teknologi 5G karena efisiensi spectral dan fekuensi yang tinggi. Antena MIMO juga merupakan suatu sistem yang menggunakan multi antena baik pengrim (Transmitter) maupun penerima (receiver) yang bisa mengatasi kelemahan pada sistem komunikasi wireless. Penelitian ini merancang sebuah antena mikrostrip MIMO 2X2 dengan menggunakan patch bowtie untuk mengkonversi frekuensi dari 2,4 GHz menjadi 5,5 GHz dengan menambahkan dual slot segiempat dan single slot segitiga. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan penambahan dual slot segiempat dan single slot segitiga pada patch antena bowtie dapat menggeser frekuensi kerja dari 2,4 GHz menjadi 5,5 GHz. Dari hasil simulasi antena MIMO 2X2 didapatkan nilai return loss S11 sebesar -46,5 dB, insertion loss S21 sebesar -25,2 dB, bandwidth sebesar 192,2 MHz, VSWR sebesar 1,00 dan gain sebesar 3,11 dBi. Hasil dari pengukuran antena MIMO menunjukkan perbedaan dari parameter antena 1 dan 2. Hal ini disebabkan adanya ketidaksamaan ukuran dari antena 1 dan antena 2. Pengukuran nilai return loss untuk antena 1 yaitu sebesar -22,32 dB dan -15,63 dB untuk antena 2. Hasil pengukuran insertion loss antena 1 dan 2 memiliki nilai yang sama yaitu -43,5 dB dan untuk lebar bandwidth memiliki perbedaan nilai yaitu 50 MHz untuk antena 1 dan 100 MHz untuk antena 2. Pengukuran nilai VSWR 1 didapatkan nilai sebesar 1,96, VSWR 2 sebesar 1,41. The development of radar antennas is getting faster and more diverse, one of which is the MIMO (multiple output) antenna. MIMO antennas are widely used for 5G technology because of their high spectral efficiency and frequency. MIMO antenna is also a system that uses multiple antennas, both transmitter and receiver which can solving the weaknesses in wireless communication systems. The research designed a 2X2 MIMO microstrip antenna using a patch bowtie to convert the frequency from 2.4 GHZ to 5.5 GHz by adding dual rectangular slots and single triangular slots. The simulation results show that the addition of dual rectangular slots and single triangular slots on the patch bowtie antenna can shift the working frequency from 2.4 GHz to 5.5 GHz. From the simulation results of MIMO 2X2 antenna, the return loss value of S11 is -46.5 dB, insertion loss S21 is -25.2 dB, bandwidth is 192.2 MHz, VSWR is 1.00 and gain is 3.11 dBi. The results of the MIMO antenna measurements show differences in the parameters of antennas 1 and 2. This is due to the difference size of antenna 1 and antenna 2. The measurement of the return loss value for antenna 1 is -22.32 dB and -15.63 dB for antenna 2 The results of the insertion loss measurements for antennas 1 and 2 have the same value, which is -43.5 dB and for the width of the bandwidth has a different value, 50 MHz for antenna 1 and 100 MHz for antenna 2. Measurement of the value of VSWR 1 obtained a value of 1.96, VSWR 2 is 1.41.

Focusing the electromagnetic field to 10−6λ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction

Focusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demonstrate a tight localization of microwave field down to 10−6λ. A hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna is further designed to focus the free-space microwave to this deep-subwavelength space. Detected by the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, the field intensity and microwave-spin interaction strength are enhanced by 2.0 × 108 and 1.4 × 104 times, respectively. Such a high concentration of microwave field will further promote integrated quantum information processing, sensing and microwave photonics in a nanoscale system.

Design of ultra-wideband antenna for the localization of pulmonary lesions during thoracoscopic surgery

Biopsies or surgical excisions for diagnosis should be taken for pulmonary lesions which show evidence of growth or are larger than 8 mm. This is usually performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. To improve the intraoperative localization of these lesions, we propose to add an ultra-wideband antenna directly on a thoracoscopic tool and locate the lesion through microwave imaging. Here the design of an antenna for such a goal is undertaken. Numerical simulations are used to quantify the influence of a fictional lung lesion on the signal recorded by a bowtie antenna of different lengths (2 to 6 cm) and widths (0.5 to 1.5 cm). It is found that the most important design parameter is the total length of the antenna. The width of the antenna, instead, affects only marginally the signals, but it has a limited effect for deeper lesions

Deformable Bowtie Antenna Realized by 4D Printing

4D printing is utilized to fabricate of thermo-deformable bow-tie antenna to fulfill some special applications with limited space or changing antenna property. In this paper, 4D printing is used to manufacture nylon and carbon fiber laminated composite material. The bow-tie antenna is installed on the surface of the composite material, and the carbon fiber is energized and heated, which causes thermal deformation of the substrate to reconfigure the antenna feature. The deformation mechanism of the composite material is explained, the characteristics of the thermally deformed bow-tie antenna with power applied to carbon fiber are analyzed. The results show that the energized carbon fiber heats up, causing the structure to stretch to a flat, with a maximum gain of 2.37 dBi and the −10 dB bandwidth being 4.28–4.64 GHz and 5.16–5.52 GHz, and the half-power beamwidth is greater than 60°. The structure bends at a 30° angle with a maximum gain of 3.58 dBi in the absence of external power, delivering a −10 dB bandwidth range of 4.12–5.6 GHz and a half-power beamwidth close to 45°. The customization of antenna radiation patterns and antenna gain can be readily tuned with power control.