An examination of physical violence against women and its justification in development settings in Uganda

This paper uses data from a community cross-sectional survey to examine the factors that are associated with justification of physical violence against women. Results indicate that respondents who were married at the time of the survey were less likely (OR = 0.29; CI = 0.17–0.52) to agree that it is justified for a man to physically assault his partner that their counterparts who were single. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less likely to happen among respondents with primary education (OR = 0.49; CI = 0.39–0.62), secondary education (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.31–0.53) and vocation or tertiary education (OR = 0.28; CI = 0.19–0.41) than among respondents with no education. Protestants were less likely (OR = 0.77; CI = 0.64–0.94) to justify physical violence than the Catholics. Respondents who were not formally employed were more likely (OR = 1.66; CI = 1.32–2.08) to justify physical violence than their counterparts who were in formal employment in the last three months preceding the survey. Respondents who agreed that it is okay for a man to control his partner’s movements (OR = 1.27; CI = 1.04–1.55), it is okay for a man to have sex with his wife anytime (OR = 2.28; CI = 1.87–2.78), alcohol is the main reason for violence against women (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.33–2.10), men need sex more than women (OR = 1.57; CI = 1.23–1.99) and women know where to obtain support in case of violence (OR = 1.42; CI = 1.00–2.02) were more likely to justify physical violence than respondents who disagreed. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less among respondents who agreed that: violence is not the only way to deal with disagreements (OR = 0.54; CI = 0.33–0.86), it is possible for men to stop violence (OR = 0.62; CI = 0.47–0.82) and it is acceptable for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom (OR = 0.61; CI = 0.51–0.73) than their counterparts who disagreed. There is need to increase investment in social norms change programmes in order to strengthen contestation of tolerance of physical violence among men and women in Uganda.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner physical violence against women in Kofale District, Ethiopia

Tropical Doctor ◽

10.1258/td.2007.060190 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 52-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Yohannes Dibaba

Keyword(s):

Family Violence ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Education ◽

Intimate Partner Physical Violence

Using a community-based cross-sectional survey, this study attempted to determine the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner physical violence against women in Kofale District, Ethiopia. The study showed that 52.6% of the respondents had experienced intimate partner physical violence in their lifetime and 30.2% in the 12 months before the survey. Witnessing family violence as a child, education, place of residence, parity, duration of the marriage, a tradition of marriage arrangement and the partners’ use of alcohol were associated with intimate partner physical violence.

Download Full-text

Assessment Instrument of Fiqh Mu'āmalāt Learning with Financial Literacy Oriented

10.35542/osf.io/p2ync ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Adib Rifqi Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

Survey Research ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Financial Literacy ◽

Lesson Plan ◽

Assessment Instrument ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

The goal of this cross-sectional survey research was to find the validity and reliability of assessment instrument for fiqh mu'āmalāt learning with financial literacy oriented for secondary education. To reveal validity is assessed based on obtain judgement expert and reliability measured by internal consistency. It was gained that the validity is 7 items very feasible and 5 item quite feasible with reliability’s value is 0,763. This finding shows that assessment instrument can be used to analyze difficulties of students for designing lesson plan of fiqh mu'āmalāt learning with financial literacy oriented.

Download Full-text

Social Influences, Social Norms, Social Support, and Smoking Behavior among Adolescent Workers

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/0890-1171-15.6.414 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 414-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Pebbles Fagan ◽

Marla Eisenberg ◽

Anne M. Stoddard ◽

Lindsay Frazier ◽

Glorian Sorensen

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Social Norms ◽

Social Influences ◽

Self Report ◽

Grocery Stores ◽

Retail Sector ◽

Friendship Networks ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Never Smokers

Purpose. To examine the relationships between worksite interpersonal influences and smoking and quitting behavior among adolescent workers. Design. The cross-sectional survey assessed factors influencing tobacco use behavior. Setting. During the fall of 1998, data were collected from 10 grocery stores in Massachusetts that were owned and managed by the same company. Subjects. Eligible participants included 474 working adolescents ages 15 to 18. Eighty-three percent of workers (n = 379) completed the survey. Measures. The self-report questionnaire assessed social influences, social norms, social support, friendship networks, stage of smoking and quitting behavior, employment patterns, and demographic factors. Results. Thirty-five percent of respondents were never smokers, 21% experimental, 5% occasional, 18% regular, and 23% former smokers. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), results indicate that regular smokers were 30% more likely than experimental or occasional smokers to report coworker encouragement to quit (p = .0002). Compared with regular smokers, never smokers were 15% more likely to report greater nonacceptability of smoking (p = .01). χ2 tests of association revealed no differences in friendship networks by stage of smoking. Conclusions. These data provide evidence for the need to further explore social factors inside and outside the work environment that influence smoking and quitting behavior among working teens. Interpretations of the data are limited because of cross-sectional and self-report data collection methods used in one segment of the retail sector.

Download Full-text

Knowledge of Stroke Risk Factors among Stroke Survivors in Nigeria

Stroke Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2016/1902151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Grace Vincent-Onabajo ◽

Taritei Moses

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Effective Means ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Stroke Survivors ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stroke Risk Factors

Background. Knowledge of stroke risk factors is expected to reduce the incidence of stroke—whether first-ever or recurrent. This study examined knowledge of stroke risk factors and its determinants among stroke survivors.Methods. A cross-sectional survey of consenting stroke survivors at two physiotherapy facilities in Nigeria was carried out. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained and knowledge of stroke risk factors (defined as the ability to mention at least one correct risk factor) was assessed using open-ended questionnaire. Data were treated with descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis.Results. Sixty-nine stroke survivors (male = 72.5%; mean ± SD age =49.7±10.6years) participated in the study. Thirty-four (49.4%) participants had knowledge of stroke risk factors. Only educational level was significantly associated with knowledge and participants with tertiary educational qualification were about 48 times (odds ratio = 48.5; CI = 7.6–309.8;P<0.0001) more likely to be knowledgeable than those with no education.Conclusion. Less than half of the participants had knowledge of stroke risk factors. Participants with tertiary education were significantly more knowledgeable than those with lower educational qualifications. Effective means of educating stroke survivors on stroke risk factors should be identified and adopted.

Download Full-text

Students who are both victims and perpetrators of physical violence at a private high school in rural Northern Vietnam: Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates

Journal of Health and Development Studies ◽

10.38148/jhds.0504skpt20-082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Ngoc Binh Nguyen ◽

Kim Anh Le ◽

Quang Dat Truong

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

School Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Northern Vietnam ◽

Perpetrators And Victims ◽

Private High School

Backgrounds: Physical violence in schools is a fairly common problem in Vietnam. However, current studies pay little attention to violence in private schools. Objectives: The study aims to estimate the prevalence and related sociodemographic factors of school physical violence among students at Hiep Hoa 5 private high school in Bac Giang province in Northern Vietnam. Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional survey using a random sample technique with a multistage process from April to June 2019. Main findings: 412 students participated in the study, and the results indicated that 55/412 (13.3%) students were both perpetrators and victims of school violence. While 16.7% of students performed physical violence, 27.9% of students suffered physical violence by other students in the past six months. Experiencing physical violence was associated with sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, grade, exposure to physical violence in the media, time playing action games and witnessing violent events in the living place... Conclusions: More than 13% of students are perpetrators and victims of physical violence by their peers at a rural private high school. This prevalence is significantly correlated with individual factors. The results suggest that a greater focus on young people's educational activities should be provided to direct their development, including preventing physical violence. Keywords: Physical violence, high school students, perpetrators and victims.

Download Full-text

Parent-Young People Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues and Associated Factors Among Students in Agaro Town, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-678931/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daba Abdissa ◽

Workitu Sileshi

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Secondary Education ◽

Young People ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Primary Education ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract BackgroundSexual and reproductive health (SRH) is at the base of young people's living and wellbeing. A significant number of young peoples are affected by avoidable SRH problems due to a lack of appropriate knowledge regarding SRH. Parent-young communication on SRH is critical in informing them about risk and protective behaviors which in turn decrease the likelihood of involvement in risky sexual behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the parent-young communication on SRH issues among secondary and preparatory school students at Agaro town, Southwestern Ethiopia. MethodsSchool based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 13 to April 20, 2019 using stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire entered into Epi data version 3.1; and analyzed using SPSS version 20. A variable having a p-value of <0.25 in the bivariable logistic regression model was subjected to multivariable logistic regression analysis to avoid the confounding variable’s effect. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated at the 95% confidence interval and considered significant with a p-value of <0.05.ResultsA total of 315 students were included to the study. The mean age of the respondents was 20.2±2.6 years. The study finding showed that 61.3% of the participants were discussed on SRH issues with their parents. Educational status of mother [primary education (AOR=3.67; 95%CI=1.93,6.97),secondary education(AOR:2.86;95%CI=1.20,6.80)],educational status of father[primary education (AOR=5.8;95%CI=2.8,12.3,secondary education (AOR=3.21; 95%CI=1.55,6.59)],having family size of <5 (AOR= 6.4; 95%CI= 3.36,12.37) and having boy/girlfriend(AOR=1.99; 95%CI=1.0,3.8) were significantly associated with parent-young people communication. ConclusionAbout two third of the participants communicate with their parents about SRH issues. Parents’ educational status, family size of <5 and having boy/girlfriend were significantly associated with the parent-young people communication. The main reasons for not communicated was cultural taboos, shame and parents lack of knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to educate and equip students and parents to address the identified problems.

Download Full-text

Gender and Transaction Costs in Use of Zero Grazing Net for Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis Control in Stall Feeding Systems in Kenya

Environment and Natural Resources Research ◽

10.5539/enrr.v7n3p96 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Jared Isaboke Mose

Keyword(s):

Transaction Costs ◽

Institutional Economics ◽

Survey Design ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

New Institutional Economics ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

Zero Grazing

Trypanosomiasis is a widespread constraint in livestock production, mixed farming and human health in Africa. Several technologies have been developed to ameliorate the effects of the disease but delivery of these technologies to farmers has been undertaken on trial and error basis without a proper strategy leading to more failure than success and wastage of scarce resources. The purpose of this paper was to carry out an analysis of transaction costs incurred in accessing and using insecticide treated net in tsetse and trypanosomiasis control among smallholder cattle farms in Busia County, Kenya. The study utilized cross–sectional survey design and was guided by the New Institutional Economics approach and utilized stratified and simple random sampling technique to get 211 respondents for the study. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conjoint analysis results for zero grazing net showed that cost was the most important factor influencing farmers’ decision, accounting for 38.52% of the total while durability and availability each accounted for 25% and retreatability accounted for 10% of the decisions. Further t-test results showed that there were significant differences between men and women with respect to attribute scores (at 99 d.f. and alpha = 0.05%) suggesting that men and women face different transaction costs in accessing T&T control technologies. Therefore there is need for gender sensitive strategies in T&T technology design and dissemination. Tsetse fly and Trypanosomiasis control by use of low cost technologies such as insecticide treated zero grazing net should be promoted by government and other development partners. The net should be affordable, available at supply outlets close to farmers, long lasting and re-treatable for famers to take it up.

Download Full-text

Leadership Styles of Principals Based on Setting, Zone, and Location of Public Colleges of Education in Ghana

Education Quarterly Reviews ◽

10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.293 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kweku Esia-Donkoh ◽

◽

David Kwame Quansah ◽

Keyword(s):

Leadership Styles ◽

Leadership Style ◽

Survey Design ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Public Colleges ◽

National Council ◽

Colleges Of Education ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

This study investigated the leadership styles of principals in public Colleges of Education (CoEs) in Ghana based on the setting, zone and location of the colleges. The quantitative method of the cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. The census sampling technique was employed to obtain 38 principals for the study. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (2004) was adapted to collect data from the principals. Means, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were utilised in analysing the data. The descriptive analysis established that generally, principals of public CoEs in Ghana mostly used transformational leadership style as compared to transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles. The inferential analyses also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the leadership styles of the principals based on setting, zone and location of the colleges. Among the recommendations is that the Ghana Tertiary Education Commission (GTEC), formerly known as the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), should consider competence when selecting and appointing principals and not the setting, zone and location of public CoEs because generally, these variables did not statistically significantly determine the leadership styles adopted by the principals.

Download Full-text

Social norms, attitudes and access to modern contraception for adolescent girls in six districts in Uganda

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-07060-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paul Bukuluki ◽

Peter Kisaakye ◽

Maxime Houinato ◽

Adekemi Ndieli ◽

Evelyn Letiyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Social Norm ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Context Specific ◽

Access To Contraception

Abstract Background Social norms continue to be entrenched in Uganda. Understanding social norms helps to uncover the underlying drivers that influence attitudes and behavior towards contraceptive access and use. This study therefore seeks to investigate the factors that influence the social norm – access to contraception by adolescent girls – in six districts in Uganda. Data and methods: Using data from a community cross-sectional survey in six districts (Amudat, Kaberamaido, Kasese, Moroto, Tororo and Pader) in Uganda, a binary logistic regression model was fitted to examine the variation in individual beliefs and socio-economic and demographic factors on ‘allowing adolescent girls to access contraception in a community’ – we refer to as a social norm. Results Results demonstrate that a higher proportion of respondents hold social norms that inhibit adolescent girls from accessing contraception in the community. After controlling for all variables, the likelihood for adolescent girls to be allowed access to contraception in the community was higher among respondents living in Kaberamaido (OR = 2.58; 95 %CI = 1.23–5.39), Kasese (OR = 2.62; 95 %CI = 1.25–5.47), Pader (OR = 4.35; 95 %CI = 2.15–8.79) and Tororo (OR = 9.44; 95 %CI = 4.59–19.37), those aged 30–34 years likely (OR = 1.73; 95 %CI = 1.03–2.91). However, the likelihood for respondents living in Moroto to agree that adolescent girls are allowed to access contraception was lower (OR = 0.27; 95 %CI = 0.11–0.68) compared to respondents living in Amudat. Respondents who were not formally employed (OR = 0.63; 95 %CI = 0.43–0.91), and those who agreed that withdrawal prevents pregnancy (OR = 0.45; 95 %CI = 0.35–0.57) were less likely to agree that adolescent girls are allowed to access contraception in the community. Respondents who agreed that a girl who is sexually active can use contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy (OR = 1.84; 95 %CI = 1.33–2.53), unmarried women or girls should have access to contraception (OR = 2.15; 95 %CI = 1.61–2.88), married women or girls should have access to contraception (OR = 1.55; 95 %CI = 0.99–2.39) and women know where to obtain contraception for prevention against pregnancy (OR = 2.35; 95 %CI = 1.19–4.65) were more likely to agree that adolescent girls are allowed to access contraception. Conclusions The findings underscore the need for context specific ASRH programs that take into account the differences in attitudes and social norms that affect access and use of contraception by adolescents.

Download Full-text

The association between sexual orientation and screening of prevalent gender-specific cancers.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.198 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 198-198

Author(s):

Michael Joseph Herriges ◽

Ruben Pinkhasov ◽

Keren Lehavot ◽

Oleg Shapiro ◽

Joseph M Jacob ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Bisexual Men ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Screening And Diagnosis

198 Background: Data on heterogeneity in cancer screening and diagnosis rates among sexual minorities (SMs) is lacking. Recent studies have shown SMs are more likely to engage in risky health behavior and have decreased healthcare utilization. However, few studies have examined how sexual orientation impacts cancer screening and prevalence. We therefore investigated whether sexual orientation affects prevalent gender-specific cancer including prostate (PCa), breast (BC), and cervical cancer (CC). Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey-based US study, including men and women aged 18+ from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) database (part of the National Cancer Institute’s division of cancer control and population sciences) between 2017-2019. The primary endpoint was individual-reported PCa, BC, and CC screening and prevalence rates among heterosexuals and homosexuals/bisexuals. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed association of various covariates with undergoing screening and diagnosis of these cancers. Results: Overall, 4,441 and 6,333 heterosexual men and women, respectively, were compared to 225 and 213 homosexual/bisexual men and women, respectively. Homosexuals/bisexuals were younger and less likely to be screened for PCa (34.7% vs 41.3%, p=0.013), BC (54.5% vs 80.7%, p=<0.001), and CC (88.3% vs 95.4%, p=<0.001). While rates of PCa and BC diagnosis were similar, more than twice as many homosexual/bisexual women were diagnosed with CC (4.2% vs 1.9%, p=0.023). Multivariable logistic regression models (Table) showed homosexuals/bisexuals were less likely to be screened for cancer with ORs of 0.61 (95% CI 0.39-0.95) for PCa, 0.52 (95% CI 0.30-0.92) for BC, and 0.21 (95% CI 0.09-0.46) for CC. Homosexuals/bisexuals were more likely to be diagnosed with any cancer with ORs of 1.64 (95% CI 1.06-2.54) in women only and 1.50 (95% CI 1.11-2.03) in men and women combined. Conclusions: Homosexuals/bisexuals in the US may be less likely to undergo screening of gender-specific prevalent malignancies, including PCa, BC, and CC. The implementation of cancer screening among SMs should be improved. [Table: see text]

Download Full-text