Analysis of Risks Associated With Water Pipes in Rapid Flow Waterways Through Waterway Modeling Experiments

In this study, waterway modeling experiments were conducted by incorporating the information obtained by analyzing accident sites to prevent frequent accidents of firefighters that occur during water rescue operations conducted near water pipes in rapid flow waterways. Based on the conducted experiments, it was observed that the flow velocity increased with decreasing distance from the water pipe. Furthermore, the maximum flow velocity was found to be 3.99 times higher at the posterior end than at the anterior end of the water pipe, and the flow velocity was found to be higher at the lower side than at the upper side of the water pipe’s anterior end. The maximum flow velocity was measured to be 1.65 m/s at a distance of 10 cm from the entrance to the pipe, 2.63 m/s at a distance of 5 cm from the entrance to the pipe, 7.12 m/s within the pipe, and 5.33 m/s at a distance of 5 cm from the pipe’s exit. The average flow velocity was measured to be 0.94 m/s at a distance of 10 cm from the entrance to the pipe, 5.53 m/s within the pipe, and 4.64 m/s at a distance of 5 cm from the pipe’s exit. Furthermore, in this study, relevant standard operating procedures and regulations were taken into consideration. Based on the results obtained from this study, recommendations and guidelines were then accordingly devised for preventing accidents of firefighters that occur during water rescue operations.

Previous Intensive Running or Swimming Negatively Affects CPR Effectiveness

Survival outcomes increase significantly when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is provided correctly, but rescuers’ fatigue can compromise its delivery. We investigated the effect of two exercise modes on CPR effectiveness and physiological outputs. After 4 min baseline conditions, 30 lifeguards randomly performed a 100 m run and a combined water rescue before 4 min CPR (using an adult manikin and a 30:2 compression–ventilation ratio). Physiological variables were continuously measured during baseline and CPR using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and CPR effectiveness was analyzed using two HD video cameras. Higher oxygen uptake (23.0 ± 9.9 and 20.6 ± 9.1 vs. 13.5 ± 6.2 mL·kg·min−1) and heart rate (137 ± 19 and 133 ± 15 vs. 114 ± 15 bpm), and lower compression efficacy (63.3 ± 29.5 and 62.2 ± 28.3 vs. 69.2 ± 28.0%), were found for CPRrun and CPRswim compared to CPRbase. In addition, ventilation efficacy was higher in the rescues preceded by intense exercise than in CPRbase (49.5 ± 42.3 and 51.9 ± 41.0 vs. 33.5 ± 38.3%), but no differences were detected between CPRrun and CPRswim. In conclusion, CPRrun and CPRswim protocols induced a relevant physiological stress over each min and in the overall CPR compared with CPRbase. The CPRun protocol reduces the compression rate but has a higher effectiveness percentage than the CPRswim protocol, in which there is a considerably higher compression rate but with less efficacy.

Relationship between the Performance in a Maximum Effort Test for Lifeguards and the Time Spent in a Water Rescue

The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the performance in a maximum incremental test for lifeguards, the IPTL, and the effectiveness of a 200 m water rescue on the beach. Initially, 20 professional lifeguards carried out the IPTL in the pool and then they performed a 200 m water rescue on the beach. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the IPTL was estimated. In both tests, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La) and time achieved were measured. The VO2max estimated in the IPTL (VO2IPTL) was 44.2 ± 4.7 mL·kg·min−1, the time reached in the IPTL (TimeIPTL) was 726 ± 72 s and the time spent in the rescue (TimeRescue) was 222 ± 14 s. The results showed that the time reached in the pool (TimeIPTL) was the best predictor variable of the performance in water rescue (TimeRescue) (R2 = 0.59; p < 0.01). A significant correlation was also observed between the estimated maximum oxygen uptake and the beach rescue performance (R2 = 0.37; p = 0.05). These results reveal that the IPTL, a maximum incremental test specific to lifeguards, allows the estimation of the effectiveness of a 200 m rescue on the beach.

STUDY OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND RELATED ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA IN PERSONS TRAINING FOR MARINE PROFESSIONALS

The normal functioning of the respiratory system is a leading factor, both for the survival of people caught in an aquatic environment in a marine casualty and for the effectiveness of the assistance activities. In view of this, in 2020 a team of researchers from Varna Medical University, the Naval Academy Varna and the Bulgarian Red Cross set out to study some physiological respiratory parameters and related anthropometric data of 51 individuals, 41 men and 10 women aged between 17 and 48 years of age. The subjects were divided into two groups: 1) trainees in the water rescue courses conducted at BRC-Varna and 2) 1st - year students of the Naval Academy. All participants in the study are non-smokers. The examination of the respiratory indicators is performed according to a standardized methodology with the same spirometer, which is able to measure and register over 30 indicators. Of these, three were analyzed in the present study: forced expiratory volume for 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their FEV1/FVC percentage (Tiffeneau index). The results show that, according to anthropometric data, FVC and FEV1 are higher in water rescue trainees than in Naval Academy cadets. The Tiffeneau index is higher than the reference values ​​of the participants in both study groups, but the results are better in the group of naval cadets. As far as the functional capabilities of the respiratory system are essential for the activity of marine professionals, it can be assumed that the high results obtained from the spirometric examination of the participants from both groups are a prerequisite for higher efficiency of rescue operations and improvement of their personal safety. when working in a marine environment. The prospect is that after collecting a statistically significant amount of data combined with results obtained from other types of functional tests, to create better safety practices for people who are professionally engaged in maritime activities. As far as the functional capabilities of the respiratory system are essential for the activity of marine professionals, it can be assumed that the high results of the spirometric study in all study participants are a prerequisite for improving both their personal safety when working in the marine environment and for higher efficiency and success of rescue operations. The perspective is, after collecting a statistically significant volume of data and in combination with other functional studies, to create good practices to improve the safety systems of people in contact with the marine environment .

An ensemble deep learning method with optimized weights for drone-based water rescue and surveillance

Today’s deep learning architectures, if trained with proper dataset, can be used for object detection in marine search and rescue operations. In this paper a dataset for maritime search and rescue purposes is proposed. It contains aerial-drone videos with 40,000 hand-annotated persons and objects floating in the water, many of small size, which makes them difficult to detect. The second contribution is our proposed object detection method. It is an ensemble composed of a number of the deep convolutional neural networks, orchestrated by the fusion module with the nonlinearly optimized voting weights. The method achieves over 82% of average precision on the new aerial-drone floating objects dataset and outperforms each of the state-of-the-art deep neural networks, such as YOLOv3, -v4, Faster R-CNN, RetinaNet, and SSD300. The dataset is publicly available from the Internet.

Examining the Knowledge of Future Sport Professionals in Connection with Water Rescue and Life-saving

Water drowning is a problem affecting the total population of the Earth. Drowning is a leading cause of death (one of every three deaths). On the planet, a man, a woman or a child drops into the water every two minutes. Every year, 4 million people worldwide are in danger of drowning, either in freshwater lakes or in the sea. Almost 10% of them do not survive the dive, so they die as a result of suffocation. More than half of those drowned in water are children or juveniles. Sports professionals, especially PE teachers, have a prominent role in preventing water accidents, so it is essential to be aware of life-saving and water-saving. The question arises as to what kind of knowledge these experts have on the subject and how they could stand up if it were wrong. The purpose of our research is to reveal the knowledge gaps and fears of students that prevent them from starting a rescue process. In our survey, we chose the questionnaire method, 147 students with PE or sports major participated. The results showed that a significant proportion, 64% of the students did not even see the resuscitation process. Most of them, 90%, did not resume the resuscitation experiment, 88% of them had not yet helped resuscitation. Most of them have no rescue practice, and their knowledge is incomplete for rescue and first aid.

Pemberdayaan Pemandu Wisata Lokal Di Daya Tarik Wisata Hidden Canyon Beji Guwang, Sebagai Pariwisata Berbasis Masyarakat Di Kabupaten Gianyar

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is an alternative tourism that includes community participation as a major element in the tourism industry. This study aims to determine the empowerment of local tour guides in the tourist attraction of Hidden Canyon Beji Guwang as community-based tourism in Gianyar Regency. This study used a qualitative approach in which data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature study. The theory used in this research is community empowerment theory and community-based tourism theory. The results obtained are that the manager of Hidden Canyon tourism object Beji Guwang is empowering local tour guides there. The form of empowerment is English language training, security, and safety training, especially in water rescue. Keywords: Local Tour Guide, Community Empowerment, Community Based Tourism