The Role of Justice in the Relationship of Sexism and Violence Against Women

The application of the principles of justice is restricted in romantic relationships, contributing to the acceptance of violence against women. The objective was to analyze whether the perception of university students about the scope of justice will be the element that justifies the acceptance of violence against women. 305 university students participated. The results showed that the most sexist people, who also believe that the world is a fair place, are the ones that restrict the scope of justice application the most, that is, they perceive marriage as being excluded from that scope. Therefore, this study adds important data in studies on the role of the social context in legitimizing social inequalities.

Justice Beyond the State: Social Practices and Relational Equality

In this paper, I argue that principles of justice, contrary to what John Rawls and Thomas Nagel believe, do apply transnationally. I start with a debate about the proper scope of justice and defend the view according to which social practices, apart from the structure of the state, ought to be included in the purview of justice. However, I hold that there is no need to include individual behaviour, alongside social practices, opposing G. A. Cohen’s view on this matter and agreeing with Aaron James. I then argue for a relational account of equality, understood as a central principle of justice, whose application is feasible at the transnational level. Finally, I briefly discuss two examples of international social practices that could (and in my view ought to) be assessed in terms of social justice and respond to two objections to my position.

ADOLESCENTES E INFRAÇÃO: JUSTIÇA RESTAURATIVA COMO PROMOÇÃO DA RESPONSABILIDADE

O objetivo do texto é analisar a aplicação da justiça restaurativa como instrumento para promoção da justiça e segurança em infrações cometidas por de adolescentes. A Justiça restaurativa oportuniza para o infrator a chance de perceber e ressignificar sua ação danosa, possibilitando a transformação de seus atos e a vivencia de uma nova realidade. Dentre as medidas socioeducativas aplicadas aos adolescentes infratores, a internação deveria ser medida excepcional, no entanto é a que possui maior aplicação. No caso de internação, a maioria dos adolescentes não recebem um tratamento adequado pois o modelo aplicado segue os parâmetros da justiça retributiva. A técnica de pesquisa foi a coleta de informações bibliográfica e legislativa, sendo que as ideias foram expressas e organizadas pela base lógica indutiva. Observou-se ao final que a justiça restaurativa apresenta potencial para modificar o atual modelo de justiça aplicado aos adolescentes infratores, na medida em que, além da punição, visa reparar o dano causado. Pela Justiça restaurativa busca-se, além da resolução e alcance da justiça, um caminho de efetividade, tanto para a vítima, quanto para o infrator. Palavras-chave: Justiça restaurativa; Adolescentes infratores; Responsabilidade. ABSTRACT: The objective of the text is to analyze the application of restorative justice as an instrument to promote justice and security in infractions committed by adolescents. Restorative justice gives the offender the chance to perceive and reframe his harmful action, enabling the transformation of his acts and the experience of a new reality. Among the socio-educational measures applied to adolescent offenders, detention should be an exceptional measure, however it is the one with the greatest application. In the case of detention, most adolescents do not receive adequate treatment because the model applied follows the parameters of retributive justice. The research technique was the collection of bibliographic and legislative information, and the ideas were expressed and organized by the inductive logical basis. At the end, it was observed that restorative justice has the potential to modify the current model of justice applied to adolescent offenders, in that, in addition to punishment, it aims to repair the damage caused. Restorative justice seeks, in addition to the resolution and scope of justice, a path of effectiveness, both for the victim and for the offender. Keywords: Restorative justice; Adolescent offenders; Responsibility.

O Julgamento Perante Juízes do Povo e o Real Alcance da Expressão “Justiça”

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir acerca do julgamento perante juízes do povo e o real alcance da expressão “justiça”. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem teórica, básica e qualitativa, exploratória e bibliográfica, porque teve como sustentação o levantamento de literatura pertinente à temática abordada. Portanto, para respaldar a construção deste artigo e reflexão sobre os conceitos e temas ora apresentados se utilizou de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Os resultados apontam que tratar da temática “Tribunal do Júri” possibilita a abertura de importantes espaços reflexivos sobre questões que envolvem: o sigilo dos votos; a motivação das decisões; a duração razoável do processo; o silêncio; a inexigibilidade de autoincriminação; bem como a proibição das provas ilícitas. Conclui-se que retomadas contínuas de estudos sobre a temática são pertinentes na medida em que trazem luz e ampliam a compreensão da importância de se reconhecer que o julgamento perante juízes do povo se configura, também, como uma das importantes estratégias de busca por justiça na ambiência jurídica. Palavras-chave: Tribunal do Júri. Alcance de Justiça. Revisão Teórica. AbstractThis article aims to reflect on the judgment before people’s judges and the actual scope of the phrase "justice". It is a theoretical, basic and qualitative, exploratory and bibliographical approach study, because it had as support the literature survey concerning the addressed topic . Therefore, to support the construction of this article and reflection on the concepts and themes presented here, a bibliographical research was used. The results show that dealing with the theme "Court of the Jury" allows the opening of important reflective spaces on issues that involve: the secrecy of votes; the motivation of decisions; the reasonable proceedings duration; silence; the self-incrimination unenforceability; as well as the unlawful evidence prohibition. It is concluded that continuous resumes of studies on the subject are pertinent in that they bring light and extend the understanding of the importance of recognizing that the judgment before the people's judges also constitutes one of the important strategies of searching for justice in the legal ambience. Keywords: Jury Court. Scope of Justice. Theoretical Review.

Expanding the Scope of Justice

Chapter 7 is a tale of two environmental organizations that each deploy popular “short-form” media as tools to engage younger cohorts, moving them from environmental ideals into environmental action. While both organizations’ mediamaking challenges the consumer capitalist “myth of disposability,” they intervene in this myth with very different priorities and environmental urgencies in mind. The first organization’s orientation is largely biocentric and uses endangered species tattooing to extend the moral sphere of “who counts” to include vulnerable and threatened nonhuman populations. The second organization’s mission is squarely humanfocused, attending to environmental justice issues and the plight of poisoned minority communities that have been morally excluded from what is explored in the chapter as the “sphere of justice.”

The strategic use of the scope of justice in legitimizing intergroup conflict

Resumo O presente estudo buscou analisar como a percepção do escopo de justiça, a partir da influência da posição grupal, pode ser utilizada para legitimar a exclusão social. Participaram 103 estudantes universitários com idade entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 20,44, DP = 1,98). O estudo foi composto por duas condições experimentais: os participantes justificavam a situação colocada por uma condição experimental (restrição do escopo de justiça) ou controle (observadores) por meio de questionários. Realizou-se a análise de conteúdo das justificativas encontradas. Os resultados mostraram que, na condição de restrição, aconteceu a legitimação da posição hegemônica do grupo dominante através de discursos meritocráticos. No grupo controle, os participantes percebiam a desigualdade social e sugeriam ampliar o escopo de justiça, ou seja, não-restrição de direitos para determinados grupos. Dessa forma, identifica-se o uso estratégico de argumentos de justiça como a ampliação/restrição do escopo de justiça para justificar as desigualdades sociais de acordo com determinada posição grupal.

Online Dating Sites as Public Accommodations

The internet is often thought of as the quintessential forum for the exercise of First Amendment rights. This characterization seems all the more apt for commercial online dating websites where individuals express and act upon their preferences for romantic partners. This chapter qualifies this view, arguing that parts of the internet are also social institutions that are within the scope of justice. In particular, the chapter argues that online commercial dating websites are public accommodations, providing their customers an important and widely needed service: the ability to find romantic partners. As public accommodations, it is clear that these sites should not unjustly discriminate in providing their services. Drawing on recent case law, this chapter goes further, arguing that these sites should also not facilitate racial discrimination. Even though racial preferences for romantic partners implicate rights to speech and association, it is unjust for commercial online dating websites to enable and thereby explicitly endorse these preferences.

The Scope of Climate Justice

Chapter One defines the scope of climate justice. Defining the scope of justice is an essential part of any global justice account, because doing so clarifies who must be included in considerations of justice, or in other words, how wide the net of justice should be cast. The chapter considers the merits of a non-relational versus relational approach to climate justice and argues that both relational and non-relational elements are necessary to include the two key groups of victims of climate change in the scope of justice: future generations and those living in less developed countries. In this way, the chapter defends, and begins to develop, a climate justice account that includes both relational and non-relational elements. This account is further developed in Chapter Two, which defines the non-relational grounds of climate justice, and Chapter Three, which applies the mixed position in order to develop three demands of climate justice.

Still much to be achieved: Intersecting regimes of oppression, social critique, and ‘thick’ justice for lesbian and gay people

Tying together theories of democratic justice and intersectionality, and presenting a contextual and updated theorization of the social-sexual organization, this article discusses the scope of justice offered to lesbians and gays in Denmark. Analyzing relations of recognition and representation in educational settings and asylum policy, it shows the obstacles to and/or opportunities for justice, including the different effects of intersections of heterosexism, sexism and racism on the agency of various groups of lesbians and gays. Considering justice as a process, the article argues that lesbians and gay movements’ democratic pursuit of justice both push existing boundaries of justice and feed on them. And, it indicates conditions for transformation.

Barking Up the Wrong Trees

This chapter shows that three of the central debates within global normative theory are afflicted by the three pathologies associated with the dominant approach. Constructivist methods for identifying principles of justice are both blatantly undemocratic and severely distortional; debates about the scope of justice are depoliticizing, question begging, and philosophically irresolvable; claims about how the global order affects the poor depoliticize and distort power relations in the global economy and ignore the ideological context in which the claims themselves operate. The argument is not that IMT gives problematic answers to these questions but rather that the questions themselves are unhelpful and unnecessary, artifacts of the approach. In making these arguments, the chapter continues the work of defamiliarization begun in the previous chapter.