On Panchayat: A Study of Decentralization in India and Policy Recommendation

This paper aims to study India’s decentralization process, which focuses on the Panchayat or the village government as a demonstration of success in India’s decentralization. This paper employs documentary research with a systemic review of relevant literature, articles, and documents on India's decentralization policy after independence up to the present (during 1947-2020). This paper found that India emphasizes people participation and decentralization, primarily through the Panchayat, which the constitution has authorized. The Indian government also established the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to facilitate the process of decentralization. The key success of India’s decentralization is related to its financial decentralization that allows the local government to collect tax and financial supports. This research also suggests five recommendations to increase the level of decentralization. First, decentralization must be written in a country’s constitution. Second, decentralization could effectively work with a unitary state with a federal feature. Third, the village is the foundation of decentralization. Fourth, the state should establish or form a ministry or another form of a government body to implement a policy of decentralization. Finally, decentralization must be political, administrative, and financial.

On the Political Aspects of Development of the System of State and Municipal Management in Ukraine

The article examines the history of the formation and reform of the system of state and municipal administration in Ukraine. In the conditions when the socio-political space of Ukraine is characterized by pronounced regionalism, and the issue of transition to a federal state system is excluded from the real political agenda, the nature of the development of the system of state and municipal administration can serve as a reflection of the ratio of centrifugal and centripetal trends in the internal political development of Ukraine. The article presents an analysis of the factors of internal political development of Ukraine that most influenced the formation of a centralized system of territorial administration in the country in the post- Soviet period and predetermined the weakness of local self-government, as well as the reasons for the failure of several attempts at reforms. Special attention is paid to the implementation of the decentralization policy after 2014. The article reveals the connection of the concept of modern administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine with the settlement process in the Donbas, as well as with the approaches in Western political science, according to which decentralization is considered as a tool for neutralizing the political potential of regionalism and countering regional separatism. The results and political orientation of decentralization in the context of the acute socio- economic crisis in Ukraine are evaluated.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Desentralisasi Administratif di Sub Distrik Pante-Makassar

This research focuses on the Implementation of Administrative Decentralization Policy in the Pante Makassar Sub-District, Oe-Cusse Ambeno Special Administrative Region. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the administrative decentralization policy in the Pante-Makassar sub-district, the Special Administrative Region of Oe-Cusse Ambeno, Timor Leste and the factors that influence the implementation of the administrative decentralization policy. The approach used by the researcher is to use a qualitative approach or method with the research location in the Pante Makassar Sub-District Government, Oe-Cusse Ambeno Special Administrative Region. Primary data is obtained by conducting direct research on the object of research using observation, interview or interview data collection techniques. Secondary data is obtained through literature study to collect data through books, regulations, and documents that are relevant to the research. The respondents of this study were the entire community of the Pante Makassar District as the target of the implementation of Administrative decentralization. Accidental sampling technique. The results showed that the implementation of the Administrative Decentralization Policy showed that the people of the Pante Makassar Sub-district participated in decision making. The community also participates in the implementation of the decentralization policy, the people of the Sub-district of Pante Makassar also take advantage of the results of the implementation of the decentralization policy, but in evaluating the policy, the community does not participate in evaluating the policies that have been implemented.

Analysis of School Strategic Planning Practices

Public sectors in Indonesia have begun to implement strategic planning since the decade of the 2000s, in line with the decentralization policy in education sector. This qualitative descriptive study examined Senior High School strategic planning documents and confirmed the documents through interviews. The study aims to identify models used and its formulation in annual school plan. The result shows that many private schools do not have strategic planning yet. The models used are issue-based models offered by the ministry of national education with variation of components of planning and employment of two main instruments: SWOT and gap analysis. All schools having strategic planning formulate them in the annual work plan, however, not all of school implement them consistently. Keywords: instrument analysis, gap, SWOT, model, strategic planning.

Role of Government Authorities in The Supervision of Internal Fraud Prevention Fund Management in Village

Since regional autonomy in 2004, it has brought major changes in government administration in Indonesia. The decentralization policy has changed—the system of governance shift from previously centralized to decentralized. Tomohon City is one of the autonomous regions where the government strives to provide maximum service to the community, especially developing development. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of the government's internal supervisory apparatus in preventing fraud in the management of village funds. This study uses a qualitative approach—data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that the role of the Tomohon City Inspectorate was as Fraud Prevention in the Management of Village Funds, (1) Quality Assurance. The role of the Tomohon City Inspectorate in quality assurance (performed through an audit, monitoring, review, evaluation, and other supervisory activities. (2) Providing advice. The role of the government's internal supervisory apparatus is to provide an objective and independent assessment of the feasibility of the governance structure and the effectiveness of government organizations/agencies. (3) Providing early warning that is early detection of problems that occur in each agency before other parties find out. They are required to provide solutions and formulate anticipatory steps so that problems that occur do not occur.

The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization Policy on the Sustainability of Regional Development

Fiscal decentralization is a critical component of the concept of regional autonomy that has been embraced since the Reform period. With fiscal decentralization, it is envisioned that every regional government can impose development in its territory. However, the fiscal decentralization strategy in the field cannot be applied in all areas owing to political concerns. Then, each local authority has had solid financial potential since 2001 since it got very high transfer funds from the central government, but the allowance for growth was minimal. E.g., there are still many roads that are destroyed. This may be attributed to the fact that much of the transfer funds from the central government are reserved towards staff spending. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a general overview of the impact on the stabilization of regional growth of the fiscal decentralization policy in effect since 2001. For literature review, this study uses a qualitative approach. The study shows, however, that the fiscal decentralization policy has not affected all growth sectors because much of the Central Government allocation funds continue to be used for regular spending and salary payments such that capital expenditure funding, including infrastructure development funding, is modest and even budget-free.

Decentralization Policy in Ukraine: How Voluntary Amalgamation, Inter-Municipal Cooperation and Fiscal Incentives Impacted the Local Government System

This paper examines the progress of implementing a comprehensive decentralization program in Ukraine. Ukraine was practically the last country of the former Soviet bloc to undertake a comprehensive decentralization program. The decentralization program was based on three pillars: (1) a reliance on voluntary amalgamation of the local government units, (2) the use of inter-municipal cooperation, and (3) enhanced financial incentives. The authors examine how these policies were implemented as well as the impact on local governments service delivery and fiscal capacity. The analyses are based on available data and the application of statistical tests measuring fiscal resources to the population size and other variables of the local government. The study has revealed some significant flaws in Ukrainian decentralization policy implementation. The voluntary approach eventually had to be abandoned for a mandatory approach. The weak progress in inter-municipal cooperation did not establish improved service delivery across a large number of local government units. The financial incentives with greater sharing of taxes did not provide sufficient additional resources to make the units financially sustainable. Finally, the results of the local government elections held in the amalgamated units did not reveal widespread support for the new units and the decentralization reforms. These issues create significant risks for the final success of the decentralization reform.

Analisis Pengaruh Alokasi DAK Masing-Masing Bidang Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Pandeglang dan Kabupaten Lebak

Fiscal decentralization is one of the government’s strategies to improve people’s welfare. The fiscal decentralization policy instrument that can directly affect the quality of local government spending is The Specific Allocation Fund (DAK). The DAK management in the financial aspect has a few problems, nonoptimal regional government performance and mismatched allocation and government needs. Proposal based The Specific Allocation Fund (DAK) hopefully could adjust the development priorities determined by regional conditions, government needs, and undeveloped villages with high-level poverty. Pandeglang and Lebak Regency are the region with the highest poverty level in Banten Province. This study aims to analyze the DAK effect of each sector on poverty in Pandeglang and Lebak Regency. The analysis used Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) with DAK data for each field in 2018 and poverty data in 2019. The result showed that DAK variables in education, health, and agriculture tended not to reduce poverty rates. The DAK variable in the housing and settlement sector, the marine and fisheries sector, the tourism sector, and the market sector tended to reduce poverty. At the same time, the DAK variable in Road, sanitation, and village funds tended to reduce poverty levels in most districts. Based on the study, the poverty alleviation program in each district is adjusted to each of the DAK sectors that are influential. However, the result indicated that the adjustment of DAK sectors influenced the poverty alleviation program in every district in Pandeglang and Lebak Regency.