Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.56 Non-Compliance Procedures

This chapter reflects on non-compliance procedures, which have emerged in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) as they have in other areas of international law. While the focus of international treaty negotiation may, at one point, have been the substantive issues, the scope has, over time, shifted to include efforts to ensure the effective implementation of the substantive commitments and obligations negotiated. Along with other elements, such as dispute settlement procedures, education, and capacity-building, non-compliance procedures have become a key element of the overall effort to ensure the effective implementation of MEAs. The chapter considers the role of compliance systems in MEAs, with a brief survey of the debate over the respective role of facilitation and enforcement, followed by an exploration of the relationship between the primary rule system and elements of the compliance system. It then looks at the key elements of compliance systems before studying a selection of MEA compliance systems.

Kilka uwag na temat literackich przedstawień bitwy chocimskiej 1673 roku

The author of the paper indicates several aspects which connect the texts describing the battle of Khotyn in 1673. Epical attempts at showing those events complied with the epical model known as ‘native heroicum’, which was popular on Polish lands in those days. According to this model, the primary rule of verismo was combined with attempts at making narration more attractive. Some of them have been described in this paper. Moreover, the author discussed the method of depicting Tatar‑Turkish armies in the works, paying attention to their abundance. The exemplary material was derived, above all, from voluminous poems by Jan Ślizień, Mateusz Kuligowski, Samuel Leszczyński and Zbigniew Morsztyn.

Designing a medical rule model system by using rough–grey modeling

PurposeIn this study, a hybrid rough and grey set-based rule model is designed for diagnosis of one type of blood cancer called multiple myeloma (MM). The grey clustering method is used to combine the same condition attributes and to improve the validity of the final model.Design/methodology/approachSome tools of the rough set theory (RST) and grey incidence analysis (GIA) are used in this research to analyze the serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) test results. An RST-based rule model is extracted based on the laboratory SPE test results of patients. Also, one decision attribute and 15 condition attributes are used to extract the rules. About four rule models are constructed due to the different algorithms of data complement, discretization, reduction and rule generation. In the following phases, the condition attributes are clustered into seven clusters by using a grey clustering method, the value set of the decision attribute is decreased by using manual discretizing and the number of observations is increased in order to improve the accuracy of the model. Cross-validation is used for evaluation of the model results and finally, the best model is chosen with 5,216 rules and 98% accuracy.FindingsIn this paper, a new rule model with high accuracy is extracted based on the combination of the grey clustering method and RST modeling for diagnosis of the MM disease. Also, four primary rule models and four improved rule models have been extracted from different decision tables in order to define the result of SPE test of patients. The maximum average accuracy of improved models is equal to 95% and related to the gamma globulins percentage attribute/object-related reducts (GA/ORR) model.Research limitations/implicationsThe total number of observations for rule extraction is 115 and the results can be improved by further samples. To make the designed expert system handy in the laboratory, new computer software is under construction to import data automatically from the electrophoresis machine into the resultant rule model system.Originality/valueThe main originality of this paper is to use the RST and GST together to design and create a hybrid rule model to diagnose MM. Although many studies have been carried out on designing expert systems in medicine and cancer diagnosis, no studies have been found in designing systems to diagnose MM. On the other hand, using the grey clustering method for combining the condition attributes is a novel solution for improving the accuracy of the rule model.

Selected Research Topics of the Dondoni Group over the Last Two Decades (2000–2020)

From a selection of research topics carried out in our laboratory during the last twenty years it becomes apparent that our main target was the discovery of new or improved synthetic methods together with new properties. Our efforts were made with the aim of being of some utility to other fields of research, with particular emphasis to glycobiology and heterocyle-based bioorganic chemistry. We performed new chemistry mainly in the field of carbohydrate manipulations taking as a primary rule the simplicity and efficiency manners. Toward this end, modern synthetic tools and approaches were employed such as heterocyle-based transformations, multicomponent reactions, organocatalysis, click azide–alkyne cycloadditions, reactions in ionic liquids, click photoinduced thiol-ene coupling, and click sulfur–fluoride exchange chemistry. With these potent methodologies in hand, the syntheses of carbohydrate containing amino acids up to proteins glycosylation were performed.1 Heterocyclic Glycoconjugates and Amino Acids2 Triazole-Linked Oligonucleotides: Application of Click CuAAC3 Non-Natural Glycosyl Amino Acids4 Non-Natural Oligosaccharides5 Calixarene-Based Glycoclusters6 Carbohydrate-Based Building Blocks7 Homoazasugars and Aza-C-disaccharides8 Synthesis of Glycodendrimers9 Peptide and Protein Glycoconjugates10 Conclusions

Lokalizacja infirmerii w topografii krzyżackich zamków komturskich w Prusach w późnym średniowieczu

The location of infirmaries in Teutonic Order castles topography in late Medieval Prussia In the primary Rule of the Teutonic Order, written in the middle of the 13th century, maintaining hospitals by the organisation is in its content, yet the generality of the normative provisions contained in that source bears a number of questions which are difficult to answer in a satisfactory way. From the main paragraphs referring to that issue it is impossible to conclude whether those hospitals/infirmaries were intended for secular persons or the brother friars of the Order. Detailed regulations on the subject were additionally provided in Statutes written around the same time. In accordance with those provisions, if a friar knight fell ill, then he should stay in bed for a few days. In case of prolongation of this state, he was to be moved to a common chamber for the sick – the infirmary. Only the Grand Master and his deputy had the right to be treated in their own chambers. However, it must be remembered that those regulations were formulated mostly in reference to the main convent of the Teutonic Order in the Holy Land. This institution was subordinate to the Great Commander and it was him who provided for medical care and medicines for the sick through his appointed subordinate official (“firmariemeister”). From the 13th century normative sources it cannot be concluded where the infirmaries were supposed to be located in the castle grounds. What does this issue look like in reference to the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the 14th and 15th centuries? Unfortunately, in the current literature of the subject it has been attempted to identify the locations of castle infirmaries exclusively on the basis of architectural data of preserved commander castles (still enerally sparse). Meanwhile, the problem is that limiting only to that sort of sources when examining the issue does not provide any evidential basis to indicate the location of infirmaries in the spatial configuration of the Teutonic strongholds. Only the analysis of written sources of the époque (starting with the end of the 14th century) allows to state that nearly all infirmaries of commander castles of the time in Prussia intended both for the members of the Teutonic Order (brothers, priests) and secular servants‑dieners were locate within the bailey. Sparse exceptions from that rule would only apply to the capital castle in Malbork, where one of the infirmaries might have been located in the area of the proper convent of the high castle and to the one in Konigsberg, where the infirmary for servant‑dieners of the Order was located outside the defensive walls of the bailey.

THE ROLE OF DUE DILIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

This article makes two main propositions about the role of due diligence in international law, in response to recent interest in the topic. First, a legal requirement to exercise due diligence may be a component part of a primary rule of international law, but this can only be determined by referring back to the primary rule in question (eg what degree of fact-finding does treaty provision X require a State party to that treaty to undertake, either explicitly or implicitly, to act consistently with its terms?). In other words, there is no ‘general principle of due diligence’ in international law. Second, States undertake what could be characterised as ‘due diligence’ activity (eg by introducing policy guidance for their officials), some elements of which may be a result of a legal requirement and some of which may not (eg where done solely for policy reasons). Current practice of the United Kingdom and United States is used to illustrate the point. The lack of a distinction between the ‘legal’ and ‘non-legal’ elements of conduct in a given area gives States the flexibility to act without feeling unduly constrained by international law, and at the same time actually promotes compliance with international law and may assist in its development over time. In contrast, pushing for a ‘general principle of due diligence’ in international law is unnecessary, and risks having a chilling effect on this positive legal/policy ‘due diligence’ behaviour by States.

Utility of Li-Fi in Railways

The Li-Fi is another remote innovation to give the availability with in restricted system condition. The primary rule of this innovation is we can transmit the information utilizing light brightening by utilizing light-producing diodes where radio recurrence is media in Wi-Fi and Driven globule light power is speedier than human eye can take after. Prof Harald Haas a specialist in optical remote correspondences at the University of Edinburgh, he was shown how a LED globule furnished with flag handling innovation could stream a top quality video to a PC. By utilizing this innovation a one-watt Driven light would be sufficient to give net network to four PCs. He begat the term "light constancy" or li-fi and set up a privately owned business, Unadulterated VLC, to misuse the innovation. . He imagines a future where information for workstations, PDAs, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. What's more, security would be snap – on the off chance that you can't see the light, you can't get to the information.

Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 19 The Law Applicable in Investment Treaty Arbitration

Investment treaty arbitration, being an arbitral process, in no way differs from international commercial arbitration in that the principle of party autonomy is the primary rule governing the arbitration, including as regards the law applicable to the substance of the dispute. When the applicable law has been chosen by the parties, the arbitrators have a duty to apply such law and nothing but such law. It is only in the absence of a choice by the parties that the arbitrators are entitled to exercise a degree of discretion in the determination of the applicable law. This chapter examines each of these situations in turn, before considering whether the specific nature of investment protection treaties has implications in terms of choice of law process.

The Formal Structure of Choice-of-Law Rules

This chapter traces the structure of choice-of-law rules and outlines the three leading methodologies: classical connecting factors, American interest analysis, and better law. Among the three methodologies, only the better-law methodology involves a substantive evaluation of the involved laws. Yet, one can make a division between two forms of better law: as a primary rule and as a secondary or subsidiary rule. Choice-of-law thought and judicial decisions treat these forms of better law in fundamentally different ways. The better law as a primary rule is vulnerable to a set of serious objections, lacks internal coherency within its own logic, and has received limited support in scholarly writings and in the courts. The situation is different with respect to the subsidiary version of better law. Its incorporation within traditional and contemporary choice-of-law doctrines and concepts underlies its practical significance for choice-of-law process.