Proses Bleach Washing pada Kain Denim yang Dicelup dengan Zat Warna Indigo Menggunakan Natrium Hipochlorit (NaOCl)

The process of bleach washing on denim fabrics produces a paler or lighter shabby effect. The shabby effect is produced by using an oxidizing agent. The application of sodium hypochlorite can cause a decrease in color aging of denim fabrics and high tensile strength. The pH condition also affects the occurrence of oxycellulose damage which will affect the final result. Inappropriate pH will cause a very high oxidation process and produce a less shabby effect and can cause a decrease in tensile strength. Therefore, the concentration of NaOCl and pH must be adjusted properly so that optimal results are obtained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimum concentration of sodium hypochorite (NaOCl) and pH on the physical properties of denim fabric. After the process of bleach washing process experiment was carried out, a test was carried out based on two-factor Anova statistical data and the optimum visual test fabric results were obtained at a NaOCl concentration of 2 g/L using alkaline pH (10-11). The test values were obtained as follows: color fastness to rubbing are 3-4 for dry, 2-3 for wet, tensile strength 67.4 kg in warp direction, 43.1 in weft direction, fabric stiffness in warp direction 430.48, weft direction 344.54. The factory standard for a tensile strength of 65 kg warp direction, 40 kg weft direction, color fastness to rubbing 3 for dry rubbing and 2 for wet rubbing. Keywords: bleach washing, denim, sodium hypochlorite, oxycellulose, color fastnes

Revisiting the Chorzów Factory Standard of Reparation – Its Relevance in Contemporary International Law and Practice

The Chorzów Factory standard of reparation has been consolidated in the mind-set of international actors since the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility were adopted in 2001. This article analyses to what extent the recent case law of the International Court of Justice and other international practice concerning injury to aliens and property rights, especially expropriations, reflect the Chorzów Factory standard. It does so by considering whether ‘full reparation’ is the central issue in international disputes that involve state responsibility, if restitutio in integrum prevails over other forms of redress, and if the amount of compensation is established in light of the principle of ‘full reparation’. The interaction between the secondary rules of state responsibility and the primary rules of expropriation will be considered in investor-state disputes. In addressing these questions, the role that adjudicating bodies understand they play in international law and the interests pursued by stakeholders – states and private investors – are examined.

Evaluation and Characterization of Selected Varieties of Sorghum for Malting Purpose in Ethiopia

Background Sorghum is staple cereal crop in Ethiopia which is used as a food source and traditional beverage. Seven sorghum varieties were used, planted malted, and extracted under similar conditions to assess their quality for brewing. The experiment was performed and analyzed their physicochemical, malting, biochemical and wort quality parameters investigated employing standard procedures. The grain quality parameters for seven sorghum varieties such as ash, moisture, protein, tannin, starch, amylose, iron and zinc, malting, and wort quality parameters were analyzed. Data were analyzed utilizing ANOVA [at 95% significant level] and correlations using SPSS 14 software. Result Results showed the two cultivars ESH-1 an ESH-4 had a protein percentage greater than 12%. While the highest starch value was recorded in Melkam (65.39 %) variety. Debra grain recording the highest zinc (38.86 ppm) content and ESH-4 was recorded the highest iron (38.66 ppm) content. All the cultivars had good germinative capacities more than 80% and more than 90% were recorded at 24 and 48 hours respectively. The varieties Debere and Melkam have recorded the highest germinative energy values of 88 and 67 % at 12 hours respectively and while 100% of germination energy values were recorded at 24 hours. Varieties with high friability were Debere and Melkam which indicates high lautering performance. Varieties with low friability were Argity and ESH-4 indicated that under modification can lead to poor mash conversion and more high viscosity. The cross correlations between amylose, starch and protein were showed the significant difference at p<0.05. The correlations between the amylose pairs of amylose-starch (0.686) and amylose-protein (0.685) were found to be high and positive. Yield was negatively significantly correlated to amylose, starch, protein, ash and moisture content (r = -0.705, -0.590, -0.441, -0.201 and -0.0.178) respectively. However, most of the cultivars fulfilled the quality requirements and within the acceptable range of the European Brewery Convention (EBC) and Asela Malt factory standard (Ethiopia). Conclusion This study showed that the cultivars have good potentials for use as malting materials in beverage making. Some of the sorghum varieties have been identified to be useful as nutritious source of food and for use in the malting industry.

Исследование расхода масла автотракторными двигателями

В условиях рыночной экономики автотранспорт является основным по перевозке грузов. К нему предъявляются серьёзные требования как по надёжности, так и по экономичности, в частности по расходу топлива и картерного масла двигателей. Рассмотрены вопросы по определению расхода масла двигателя. Установлено, что под расходом масла автотранспортных двигателей понимается его долив от замены до замены. Долив масла до нормы связан с угаром в процессе эксплуатации автотракторной техники. Установлено, что расход масла является величиной переменной, возрастающей по мере увеличения пробега двигателя, вследствие износа деталей цилиндропоршневой группы ДВС. Определено также, что при предельном расходе масла, составляющим тройное увеличение заводского норматива для новых двигателей (перед запуском их в эксплуатацию), эксплуатация должна быть прекращена по экономическим соображениям. Как правило, в данном случае на двигателях заменяются детали цилиндропоршневой группы (поршни, гильзы и поршневые кольца). Расход масла на долив используется и для диагностирования двигателей, а именно по его значению можно определить состояние деталей цилиндропоршневой группы. Авторами приведены методы углублённого диагностирования с целью определения цилиндров, имеющих неисправности.Under free market conditions motor transport is the main transport of goods. Serious requirements are applied to it both in terms of reliability and efficiency in particular for fuel consumption and crankcase oil for engines. The issues of determining the engine oil consumption are considered. It was also established that the consumption of motor oil is understood as topping it up from replacement to replacement. Topping up the oil to normal is associated with burning while in operation of motor-and-tractor equipment. It has been established that oil consumption is a variable increasing as the engine mileage increases due to the wear of parts of the cylinder-piston ICE group. It is determined that with a maximum oil consumption amounting to a triple increase in the factory standard for new engines (before putting them into operation) operating should be stopped for economic reasons. As a rule in this case parts of the cylinder-piston group (pistons, sleeves and piston rings) are replaced on the engines. Oil consumption for topping up is also used to diagnose engines, namely by its value it is possible to determine the condition of parts of the piston-cylinder group. The methods of in-depth diagnosis in order to identify cylinders with malfunctions are presented by the authors.

Durability tests of prototype gear pumps with reduced flow ripple

This article presents the results of a durability test of a prototype low-pulsation pump. Hydraulic measurements conducted during the test enabled visualisation of the behaviour of the unit in working conditions. The test was conducted according to a strict factory standard, which states that pump performance parameters cannot decrease by more than 8% during durability testing. The material presented in this publication is the result of a study within the project entitled The development of innovative gear pumps with a reduced level of acoustic emission. The solution developed as part of the project has been successfully implemented for a series of gear pumps consisting of twenty-two units. Among other awards, the product won the Gold Medal at the 10th International Fair of Pneumatics, Hydraulics, Drives and Controls, Kielce 2017.

Optimal management of oil content variability in olive mill batches by NIR spectroscopy

Total oil content (OC) is one of the main parameters used to characterize the whole of olives entering a commercial mill, quantified by the total fresh weight of the lot and the oil concentration (%) assessed in a representative sample on olive paste, by means of chemical extraction. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and NIR spectroscopy are alternative methods even at individual olives. This work evaluates several strategies to calibrate precise NIR models for the estimation of the total OC. To this end, 278 olives were analysed covering whole season variability in terms of olive fresh-weight and the corresponding OC by chemical extraction in 31 batches. The average spectra from hyperspectral NIR images (1003–2208 nm) were computed for each fruit and the actual OC (g) of those olives determined by NMR (0.09 to 1.29 g with a precision of 0.017 g). According to the results, current batch based assessment of the OC (Soxhlet, %) in mills only reproduces 44% of the underlying heterogeneity, despite being the factory standard. The incorporation of individual NIR spectra (278) to the 31 Soxhlet values of the batches allows a 67% explanation of the OC (%) of olives. When estimating OC (g) gathering individual fresh weight and the estimation of oil concentration in olives, a standard error of prediction of 0.061 g is reached (r2 = 0.93), a precision value that approaches the potential limit according to the NMR reference (0.017 g).

PENGARUH PEMELIHARAAN OVERHAUL TURBOCHARGER TERHADAP KINERJA MESIN UNIT VII PLTD AMPENAN

Increasing number of Indonesian population and unequal distribution of population with higher densities only on certain islands rather than outside the islands, appropriate development strategies are needed in providing need for electrical resilience for the population. Frequent interactions with fuel - powered engines such as diesel engines and human resource readiness probably are reasons for government choice in using diesel powered engines (very big and medium sized diesel engines) to provide electricity on small islands and remote islands. Availability of electrical energy will create a conducive investment climate and improve welfare of the population. Lombok West Nusa Tenggara is one of small islands in Indonesia. In the area, electricity need is generated by PLTD Ampenan. One of the Ampenan diesel engines in unit VII is New Sulzer 12 ZAV 40 S equipped with double turbocharger type VTR 354. To maintain its performance, overhauls done routinely. Overhaul is a procedure performed to restore engine performance to factory standard specification value and give second age with condition worn or defective components refer to reusable parts instructions according to factory standards. This research focuses on the state of the diesel engine as a prime mover of generator before and after its turbocharger overhaul. And also, things about turbocharger overhaul and its effect on the engine.