Gaze selects the next speaker in answers to questions pronominally addressed to more than one co-participant

Like many other languages, but unlike modern (standard) English, German has a distinct second person plural pronoun (ihr, ‘you guys’), contrasting with the second person singular pronoun (du). The second person plural pronoun addresses a turn to more than one, and possibly all co-present participants. This paper investigates turn-taking after such multiply addressed turns, taking as an example information-seeking questions, i.e., a sequential context in which a specific next action is relevant in the adjacent position. It might appear that in such a context, self-selection applies (Schegloff 1992: 122); more than one co-participant is addressed, but none selected as next speaker. In this paper, I show on the basis of spontaneous interactions recorded with mobile eye-tracking equipment that this is not the case and that TCU-final gaze is employed to select the next speaker. The participant not being gazed at TCU-finally is addressed, but not selected as the answerer in next position and may provide an answer in a sequential position after the first answer. The article demonstrates that gaze is an efficient way to allocate turns in the absence of verbal cues and thus contributes to our understanding of turn-taking from a multimodal perspective.

Computational insights into the Multi-Diels-Alder reactions of neutral C60 and its Li+ encapsulated analogue: A DFT study

Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction is helpful to produce covalent derivatives of fullerene with desirable electronic and physical properties. In the present venture, we have computationally investigated the reactivity of neutral C and its Li encapsulated derivative towards Multi-Diels-Alder (MDA) reaction with 1,3-butadiene, employing density functional theory (DFT). The computational reports available to date illustrate the functionalization of fullerene surfaces of neutral and encapsulated C (Ca and Sm) with two butadiene molecules. In this article, we aim to investigate whether more than two butadiene molecules can be attached to the fullerene surface or not. To do so, we have shown that the MDA reaction initiates with the formation of an encounter complex between the mono-functionalized fullerene product and the second butadiene molecule. In this context, two different approaches, namely ‘Direct’ and ‘Alternative’ have been considered based on the attachment of the second butadiene, i.e., whether it is attached to the opposite or adjacent position of the first functionalization, which eventually produces the same final product. We have explored the MDA reactions by considering a total of four diene molecules that can be embedded successfully on the fullerene surface, with each reaction step having a high degree of exothermicity, thus making the overall reaction thermodynamically facile. In harmony with the mono- and bis-cycloaddition reactions, for MDA reaction also, the positive impact of Li encapsulation for enhancing the reactivity of fullerene surface towards butadiene attachment is evident from our study. On-the-fly calculations also suggest the bond preference for [6, 6] connectivity than its [6, 5] counterpart, to be the suitable dienophile, just like the mono- and bis-functionalization reported earlier. Overall, the present study will foresee an extensive idea about the detailed mechanism of the MDA reaction on neutral C and Li@C that could encourage the scientists to perform the aforementioned reaction for other fullerene derivatives in the long run.

Clitic pronouns in Archaic Chinese

This article provides evidence for the so far neglected existence of two clitic pronouns, yǐ 以 and yǔ 與, in Archaic Chinese (10th c. – 3th c. bc) in immediately verb-adjacent position: ‘yǐ/yǔ-V’. While yǔ only encodes the comitative/associative, yǐ encodes all kinds of (argument and adjunct) roles, depending on the semantics of the verb involved. We argue that the clitic pronouns yǐ and yǔ can neither be analysed as stranded prepositions left behind after extraction of their complement (as, e.g., in English) nor as orphan prepositions, i.e., PPs with an in situ null pronoun as complement (as, e.g., in French). This ties in with the general ban against prepositions lacking an overt complement, observed throughout the history of Chinese.

Stereoselective Bioreduction of α-diazo-β-keto Esters

Diazo compounds are versatile reagents in chemical synthesis and biology due to the tunable reactivity of the diazo functionality and its compatibility with living systems. Much effort has been made in recent years to explore their accessibility and synthetic potential; however, their preparation through stereoselective enzymatic asymmetric synthesis has been scarcely reported in the literature. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs, also called ketoreductases, KREDs) are powerful redox enzymes able to reduce carbonyl compounds in a highly stereoselective manner. Herein, we have developed the synthesis and subsequent bioreduction of nine α-diazo-β-keto esters to give optically active α-diazo-β-hydroxy esters with potential applications as chiral building blocks in chemical synthesis. Therefore, the syntheses of prochiral α-diazo-β-keto esters bearing different substitution patterns at the adjacent position of the ketone group (N3CH2, ClCH2, BrCH2, CH3OCH2, NCSCH2, CH3, and Ph) and in the alkoxy portion of the ester functionality (Me, Et, and Bn), were carried out through the diazo transfer reaction to the corresponding β-keto esters in good to excellent yields (81–96%). After performing the chemical reduction of α-diazo-β-keto esters with sodium borohydride and developing robust analytical conditions to monitor the biotransformations, their bioreductions were exhaustively studied using in-house made Escherichia coli overexpressed and commercially available KREDs. Remarkably, the corresponding α-diazo-β-hydroxy esters were obtained in moderate to excellent conversions (60 to >99%) and high selectivities (85 to >99% ee) after 24 h at 30 °C. The best biotransformations in terms of conversion and enantiomeric excess were successfully scaled up to give the expected chiral alcohols with almost the same activity and selectivity values observed in the enzyme screening experiments.

Detection and Prevention of Manet using Hybrid SVM with Ann

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) have been exceptionally vulnerable against attacks because of the dynamic and self-configurable nature of its system foundation. This kind of wireless network is appropriate for temporary communication linked due to its nature of less-foundation and there is no any control of centralized manner. Design a routing mechanism that are security aware with higher QoS parameter is very competetive and the major tasks involved in ad hoc types of network as per the limited power resources and their dynamic routing topology. This paper mainly focused on the design of a secure and trusts based on-demand routing mechanism using Ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) protocol to compute trust-based produces path initialed from source up to destination that will fulfill minimum two end-to-end QoS parameters of network. So here, the generalized AODV routing protocol has been extended from traditional routing mechanism to analyze the performance of this model with combination of artificial intelligence concept. The proposed ad hoc based routing mechanism is used to found possible routes that are prevented through trust adjacent position of security validation protocols and enhanced link optimized route computes on the basis of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as an artificial intelligence algorithm for well-organized communication in MANET. In addition, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of bio inspired Firefly Algorithm (FFA) as an optimization approach with the consideration of several performance QoS metrics of network. The results have been measured in terms of throughput and PDR with SVM and ANN approach. It has been observed that the throughput and PDR measured using ANN approach is better compared to SVM approach an average of 0.755 PDR value has been obtained using ANN approach.

Characterisation of M2e Antigenicity using anti-M2 Monoclonal Antibody and anti-M2e Polyclonal Antibodies

Matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein is a potential antigen for detection of influenza A virus infection in vaccinated poultry (DIVA test). However the M2e antigenicity and immune response it induces in either humans or animals are poorly understood. Seventeen M2e peptides and sixteen recombinant M2e (rM2e) proteins with amino acid (aa) changes introduced at position 10, 11, 12, 13 14, 16, 18 and 20 were compared by western blot (WB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using mouse anti-M2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14C2, and anti-M2e peptide chicken and rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb). The mAb 14C had the best discriminating power and indicated that all six positions contributed to the M2e antigenicity. Position 11 was the important immunodominant and affected Mab14C binding to a greatest degree. Changes in the adjacent position 14, 16 and 18 also influenced the binding, and it detected regardless of the method (WB or ELISA), or the antigen used (M2e peptide or rM2e). For chicken pAb and rabbit pAb, the immunodominant aa was position 10 and the antibody reaction was not affected by aa change at 11. The binding of rabbit pAb was also affected by changes at 14 and 16, which confirm the contribution of these positions to the M2e antigenicity. Position 10 was the only important position for the binding of chicken pAb to M2e. Overall, the study showed that the M2e antigenic sites are located between residues 10 – 18 and that aa changes at position 10, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 18 may all affect the antibody binding within the M2e protein.

Effect of Fe Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-cast Ti49Ni51 Alloy

Effect of Fe addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti49Ni51 alloy were investigated. The experimental results shows the microstructures of Ti48.5Ni51Fe0.5 and Ti48Ni51Fe1 alloys are mainly composed of TiNi matrix phase (body-centered cubic, BCC), Ti3Ni4 and Ni2.67Ti1.33 phases; the microstructure of Ti47Ni51Fe2 alloy is mainly composed of BCC TiNi, Ti3Ni4, Ni2.67Ti1.33, and Ni3Ti phases; the microstructure of the Ti45Ni51Fe4 alloy is mainly composed of TiNi, Ti3Ni4 and Ni3Ti phases. The Ni3Ti nanocrystalline precipitates at the adjacent position of Ni2.67Ti1.33 phase. The Ti48.5Ni51Fe0.5 and Ti48Ni51Fe1 alloys have high yield strength and fracture strength, and can be as the engineering materials with excellent mechanical properties. In addition, the Ti48.5Ni51Fe0.5 alloy with the low elastic modulus and large elastic energy is also a good biomedical alloy of hard tissue implants. The fracture mechanism of the four alloys is mainly cleavage fracture or quasi-cleavage fracture, supplemented by ductile fracture. The experimental data obtained provide the valuable references in application of as-cast alloys and heat-treated samples in the future.

Sequential patterns in SMS and WhatsApp dialogues: Practices for coordinating actions and managing topics

In computer-mediated communication, users cannot ensure that responsive postings are placed in a directly adjacent position. Yet, paired actions are discernible in which a first pair part (FPP) makes a second pair part (SPP) conditionally relevant. While previous studies of short messaging service (SMS) communication show that users usually send clusters of FPPs and that SPPs are ordered in the same chronology, little is known about sequential practices of dealing with multiple FPPs in text-based WhatsApp communication. This article shows that in German WhatsApp dialogues, users apply a chronological as well as a reversed ordering of SPPs. It is argued that this result can only be partly attributed to the affordances of the mobile messenger. Rather, users arrange SPPs in order to foreground particular topics in extended, chat-like dialogues.

Tinjauan Yuridis Kriminologis Kekerasan Seksual Tahanan Perempuan di Kantor Kepolisian

Kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap tahanan perempuan masih sering terjadi di beberapa kantor kepolisian diantaranya di Markas Kepolisian Sektor Kota Wajo, Markas Kepolisian Resor Poso dan Markas Kepolisian Resor Kota Jayapura. Pelakunya ternyata tidak hanya dilakukan oleh tahanan laki-laki saja namun ditemui juga bahwa aparat petugas kepolisian turut menjadi pelakunya. Oleh karena itu timbul beberapa permasalahan diantaranya adalah faktor apa saja yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya kekerasan seksual terhadap tahanan perempuan di dalam kantor kepolisian dan upaya hukum apa saja yang dapat dilakukan sebagai wujud perlindungan hukum terhadap tahanan perempuan khususnya yang menjadi korban kekerasan seksual di dalam tahanan kantor kepolisian. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan penulis, kasus kekerasan seksual ini disebabkan oleh adanya faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal diantaranya seperti faktor kejiwaan, kebutuhan biologis dan moral dari para si pelaku itu sendiri sedangkan faktor eksternalnya adalah adanya kesempatan yang didapat oleh pelaku seperti kelalaian/lemahnya penjagaan yang dilakukan oleh aparat petugas kepolisian dan faktor letak ruang sel tahanan laki-laki dan perempuan yang berada pada posisi berdekatan. Untuk mencegah dan menanggulangi kekerasan seksual tersebut, maka diperlukan adanya suatu upaya-upaya yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak pemerintah dan lembaga kepolisian yaitu dengan memperbaiki sarana dan prasarana penahanan di kantor kepolisian dan memperketat pengawasan atau penjagaan tahanan.Cases of sexual violence against female detainees are still common in several police stations such as at the Wajo City Police Station, Poso City Police Station and Jayapura City Police Station. The crimes are not committed by male detainees only but also by the police officers. Hence arise some problems what are the factors that become the cause of sexual violence against female detainees in police stations and what kind of remedy that can be taken as a form of legal protection towards female detainees particularly the victims of sexual violence at the police station. From the results of research by the author, cases of sexual violence against female detainees are caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors such as psychological factors, biological needs and moral of the offender itself, while external factors are the opportunities gained by actors such as omission or lack of security of the police officers and the location between male and female cell at the adjacent position. To prevent and combat sexual violence against female detainees, it is necessary to have an effort that must be undertaken by the government and police agencies such as improving the facilities and infrastructure of the detention center at the police station and tighten the supervision or security of detainess.

L-syntax and phono-symbolism: on the status of ideophones in complex predicates

In this article, the author demonstrates that verbal compound constructions involving an ideophone and a light verb represent a widespread syntactic device in the world's languages. The author provides evidence that phono-symbolic morphemes cannot be treated as ‘bare’ direct objects in such constructions. Ideophones appearing in the light verb-adjacent position form a semantic unit with the verbal predicate, despite the fact that in some languages they can be syntacticized as (bare) nouns and appear in argumental position. Specifically, ideophones in complex predicates are part of the verbal domain with which they ‘blend’ (yielding a single predicate) through the mechanism of conflation, along the lines of Hale and Keyser (1993, 2002), and building on Ramchand (2008).