NATURALISM IN THE WORKS OF IVAN FRANKO OF THE LATE PERIOD AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING ARTISTIC EXPRESSION AND CONVINCIBILITY OF THE IMAGE

The late period of Ivan Franko's artistic work is characterized by the presence of a number of stories that contain a naturalistic reproduction of Jewish themes. In such stories as «Pure Race», «In the Prison Hospital», «In the Carpentry», «In the Forge (From My Memories)» there are memories of the author about different stages of his life, which clearly distinguishes the Jewish theme revealed by naturalistic means.The story «Pure Race» demonstrates the collision in the life of an old Jew who found himself in a compartment of a train with representatives of other nationalities. The description of events in the compartment is presented with elements of naturalism – the use of factualism and a detailed description of events, the objectivity of the image. The story «In the prison hospital» has the following naturalistic features: the story tells about the stay in the hospital of two or three seriously ill people with a detailed description of the circumstances of their lives with factual accuracy. The story «In the Carpentry» contains a fragment from the life of a Jew, written by the author from his youthful memories and under the influence of a certain historical moment. The story describes the terrible murder of calves by a Jewish boy, with the fixation of all the details that convey all the burden of what was seen in the soul of the hero. The story «In the Forge (From my memories)» contains the author's childhood memories from his stay in the father's forge with the recording of all the small moments of his impressions. In the memoirs there is a naturalistic description with a detailed account of events in life of Boryslav.In the above stories, with the help of naturalistic means, the problems of Jewish life in Galicia are reproduced. Among the naturalistic features of the depiction of Jewish figures there are: factography, detailed description with fixation of all the details as a consequence of scientific accuracy, plausibility, objectivity of reproduction and unity in the depiction of natural and social factors, which together makes the reader their witness.

ELEMENTS OF NATURALISM IN THE STORY OF IVAN FRANKO “PURE RACE” AS A MEANS OF HIGHLIGHTING PROMLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

In the article the elements of naturalism in the story of Ivan Franko “The Pure Race”, the correspondence of the story to the fundamental dominants of naturalism are analyzed. Ivan Franko is considered the founder of naturalism in Ukrainian literature, playing a key role in the promotion and development of this field. Writer’s works such as “At the Bottom”, “ The Mission”, “Prison Sonnets” are recognized as analogues of the French version of naturalism. I. Franko resorted to naturalistic techniques also later with the aim of influencing the reader’s consciousness and invoking feedback. Therefore, it is necessary to study the manifestation of naturalism in the later works of Ivan Franko. It is determined that among the naturalistic techniques applied by the writer are factography, a detailed description of everyday life, objective painting, depictions of a life as a document and frames from life, contrasting use of elements opposite to their ideological and aesthetic content. The writer tried to make the reader think about the problems of society, using the techniques of naturalism to achieve the effect of unexpected and shocking impression, which immediately forced to draw certain conclusions and change views. The purpose of the techniques of naturalism used by a writer in the story is clarified – to illuminate the problems of international relations in Galicia’s society of that time and to try to get the reader to think about the problems of the society, draw conclusions and change views. It is determined that in the story naturalism is a part of the structure of Ivan Franko’s individual creative method. It is possible to assert the presence of naturalism in the structure of the individual creative method of Ivan Franko, which appeared in this story.

What Does Ceta Bring to Organic Production?

Even though eco-production is based on principles brought by IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements), the standards which were brought in by the national and supranational governments may differentiate in parts of regulation. The mutual recognition/equivalence of eco-standards of the EU (»EU-eco« label, based on regulation of the European Commission EZ 834/2007: 139-and EZ 889/2008: 173-256, and other regulations derived from them) and Canada (»Canada organic« label, based on valid Canadian eco-standards, regulation CAN/CGSB-32.310-2015: 53 and CAN/CGSB-32.311-2015: 75) has been present for multiple years and has been re-evaluated and confirmed in 2015 as a successful practice in the increase of access to an expanded market for producers, increase of selection for consumers and lightening the regulatory cooperation. Before mutual recognition exported eco-product from Canada to the EU (and vice-versa) had to go through recertification, which created additional expenses for exporting eco-producers (10 thousand dollars per year, on average). This process mostly resulted in an increased price of eco-products for the end consumer. In some areas the Canadian eco-regulation is stricter than the EU one, while in other it is vice versa. Some markings can mislead the consumer, especially the one who does not read the product declaration where such misgivings are clearly visible and marked. The greatest challenge for eco-production in the EU is the increase in demand for eco-products with such a speed that EU farmers cannot satisfy it, which inevitably leads to an increase of import from non-EU countries. Therefore, the help of EU governments is essential in the form of support for farmers who decide to transition into eco-production. Certain estimates say that the CETA could mean a loss of a great number of producers (estimating that it could be several thousand workplaces in agriculture across the EU). A similar agreement between the US and Mexico already led to a loss of workplace for 2 million people in Mexico in the midst of inability to compete with the industrial production of the US. The greatest fear present in eco-production is that the international agricultural businesses can force national and supranational governments to lower standards by using lawsuits, which can consequentially result in lower standards in eco-production on both sides of the Atlantic and influence the environment. It is not based on the scientific/expert arguments which governs the ecological agriculture, but a pure race for profit. Therefore, it can be expected that, once again, »greed overcomes reason«. Nevertheless, the high set »bar« of eco-production »from both sides of the pond« is the best »defence« against the fear that CETA will bring any novelties into the life of eco-producers.

Cryptic host specialisation within Poecilochirus carabi mites explains population differences in the extent of co-adaptation with their burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides hosts

Symbiotic organisms adapt to one another but the extent of co-adaptation commonly varies among pairs of the same symbiotic species drawn from different populations. Here we identify some ecological causes of such differences between populations. We analysed the extent of local co-adaptation between burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides and their phoretic mites Poecilochirus carabi in Gamlingay and Waresley Woods, in Cambridgeshire, UK. Burying beetles transport mites to small vertebrate carrion upon which they both reproduce. We conducted reciprocal transplant experiments to test for evidence of local co-adaptation during reproduction. We found variation in the extent of local co-adaptation that was explained by cryptic host specialisation within P. carabi mites. P. carabi is a species complex, within which races of mites are specialised to associate with different species of burying beetle. We found that N. vespilloides from Gamlingay Wood carries a mixture of mite races, from each of the four Nicrophorus species that inhabits this wood. This mixture of races makes P.carabi harmful to Gamlingay N. vespilloides: together, they reduce beetle reproductive success. Experimentally purifying mites, so that Gamlingay N. vespilloides is associated only with the vespilloides mite race, improves beetle reproductive success. Waresley N. vespilloides, by contrast, carry a near pure race of vespilloides mites, which cause negligible damage to Waresley N. vespilloides reproductive success. This is probably because Waresley Wood harbours only two burying beetle species, which differ markedly in their reproductive biology. Cryptic host specialisation with P. carabi mites, combined with differences in the Nicrophorus guild between Gamlingay and Waresley Woods, therefore explain population differences in the extent of local adaptation between N. vespilloides and P. carabi.

Distribution of Races: A Brief Overview

Races of mankind human being living on our planet all belong to the same species. However, varying geographical conditions and climate have resulted in the evolution of different groups called races. It is believed that all people originally came from one common ancestral type but the various groups now have distinct and characteristic differences. However we should not think of racial differences has been hard and fast because the races open overlap and there is no such thing as a pure race.

USING FORBIDDEN RESEARCH METHODS AND TAKING BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL FROM PRISONERS OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS BY NAZI MEDICAL WORKERS DURING WORLD WAR II

The article analyzes the processes of illegal use of prohibited methods of research by Nazi physicians during their medical experiments on live people-prisoners of the concentration camps Auschwitz-Birkenau and Dachau during the Second World War. Medical experiments on living people, prisoners of concentration camps, as a rule, resulted in their death or caused severe and irreparable harm to health. These experiments supported by the idea of creating "pure race" were conducted by physicians of Nazi Germany in the death camps located throughout Europe. The leaders of the Nazi hierarchy developed the foundations of their fascist ideology, using the works of German sociologists (Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Hans Friedrich Carl Guenther, Walter Wuest) and geneticists (Eugen Fischer, Erwin Bauer and Fritz Lenz, etc.), many of whom came to the conclusion that the possibility of creating the necessary conditions in Nazi Germany for the purpose of improving the human race was closely linked to limiting reproduction of the "lower" peoples. The Nuremberg trial of Nazi criminals (1945-1946) identified serious crimes of Nazi physicians, who conducted medical experiments on people in concentration camps, and claimed them inhuman and breaking all international and human rights.

Anthropometry of the nose: a comparative study between adult male Santhals and Bengalis in Bangladesh

Anthropometry is a scientific methods for taking various measurements of body parts and observation on the living subjects, which play an important role in distinguishing a pure race. The nose is a person's most defining feature because it is at the center of the face. The shape of the nose is a signature indicating the ethnicity, race, age and sex. The aim of this study is to document the mean nasal length, nasal width and nasal index of adult male Santhals and Bengalis in Bangladesh, which provides a comprehensive data for comparisons between each other and with the other ethnic group. Santhals, our study subjects living in the northwest part of Bangladesh, are usually recognized as an ethnic community. Because the Santhals have separate identity and their physical appearance is distinctive to some extent. The study, descriptive, observational and cross sectional is nature, was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur, during the season of July, 2011 to June, 2012. A total number of 100 adult male Santhals and 100 adult male Bengalis were included from different location of Rangur and Dinajpur districts. Nasal length and nasal width were measured using sliding caliper and nasal index was calculated. Unpaired t-test was used to compare the measurement. The mean nose length of the Bengalis were significantly higher than the Santhals but the mean of nose width were significantly higher in Santhals than Bengalis. Most of the Santhals were mesorrhine, but most of the Bengalis were leptorrhine.Mediscope Vol. 2, No. 2: July 2015, Pages 28-32

Discourse on the Thai Nation by Progressive Intellectuals from the 1950’s - 1960’s

A discourse on the Thai Nation by progressive intellectuals in Thailand during 1950's-1960's is discussed. During this period they formed a narrative, and a new meaning of "Chat Thai" or Thai nation. The progressive intellectuals, such as Malai Chupinit, Sod Kuramarohit, Assani Ponlachan and Chit Phumisak debated a new meaning of national identity. They described the Thai Nation differently to the previous elite groups, such as King Rama VI in the 1920's and Luang Wichitwatakan in the 1940's. King Rama VI wrote about the great ancient kingdom of Sukhothai. Luang Wichitwatakan expanded on that to show the greatness of the Thai nation since ancient times, and also that the Thai race was shaped from a pure race and had a unity of Thai culture. Conversely, the progressive intellectuals argued that the Thai nation was not shaped from a pure Thai race, and also that it did not have a unity of Thai culture. According to them the Thai nation was formed from ethnic heterogeneity and cultural diversity. Their ideas about the communities which made up the Thai nation held that Thai people from different regions have their own cultures (their own historical background, their own local languages, their own way of life), which are different to the central Thai culture. Furthermore, they recognised the importance of all Thai people, regardless of class, and. the minority ethnic groups in shaping the Thai Nation.

Facteurs affectant les performances de croissance chez les bovins à viande de pure race Goudali et croisés Wakwa dans un environnement tropical

Des données relatives aux performances présevrage et postsevrage de veaux de race pure Goudali et demi-sang Wakwa ont été collectées au Centre de recherche agricole pour le développement de Wakwa, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun. Ces données ont été analysées à l’aide de procédures de modèle mixte pour déterminer les facteurs affectant les performances. Les résultats ont montré que les effets maternel, du sexe, du troupeau, de la saison et de l’année de naissance, de l’âge au sevrage (WAGE), de l’âge exact (jours) aux pesées à un an (YAGE) et à 18 mois (EAGE) ont été significatifs (P < 0,01 ou P < 0,001) sur les performances présevrage et/ou postsevrage. Les veaux mâles ont eu des performances supérieures à celles des femelles chez les Goudali et les Wakwa, respectivement de 0,8 et 0,6 kg pour le poids à la naissance (BWT), de 11,3 et 12,8 kg pour le poids au sevrage (WWT), de 14,5 et 15,1 kg pour le poids à un an (YWT), de 13,4 et 11,9 kg pour le poids à 18 mois (EWT), et une croissance présevrage plus rapide de 0,04 et 0,06 kg/jour. Les veaux nés en saison sèche ont été plus lourds que les veaux nés en saison pluvieuse chez les Goudali et les Wakwa, respectivement de 19,0 et 21,7 kg (WWT), de 6,0 et 8,8 kg (YWT), et de 18,2 et 26,5 kg (EWT). Les meilleures performances ont été enregistrées chez les veaux nés de femelles âgées de 3 à 7 ans (CAG1) chez les Goudali et chez les veaux nés de femelles âgées de 8 à 10 ans (CAG2) chez les Wakwa. Pour une meilleure évaluation des performances des veaux, il est nécessaire de prendre en considération ces effets significatifs.