Dust temperature in ALMA [C ii]-detected high-z galaxies

ABSTRACT At redshift z > 5, the far-infrared (FIR) continuum spectra of main-sequence galaxies are sparsely sampled, often with a single data point. The dust temperature Td,SED, thus has to be assumed in the FIR continuum fitting. This introduces large uncertainties regarding the derived dust mass (Md), FIR luminosity, and obscured fraction of the star formation rate. These are crucial quantities to quantify the effect of dust obscuration in high-z galaxies. To overcome observation limitations, we introduce a new method that combines dust continuum information with the overlying [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] 158 µm line emission. By breaking the Md–Td,SED degeneracy, with our method, we can reliably constrain the dust temperature with a single observation at 158 µm. This method can be applied to all Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and NOEMA [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] observations, and exploited in ALMA Large Programs such as ALPINE and REBELS targeting [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] emitters at high-z. We also provide a physical interpretation of the empirical relation recently found between molecular gas mass and [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] luminosity. We derive an analogous relation linking the total gas surface density and [C $\scriptstyle \rm II$] surface brightness. By combining the two, we predict the cosmic evolution of the surface density ratio $\Sigma _{\rm H_2} / \Sigma _{\rm gas}$. We find that $\Sigma _{\rm H_2} / \Sigma _{\rm gas}$ slowly increases with redshift, which is compatible with current observations at 0 < z < 4.

Connecting Antarctic Sea Ice and Mid-latitude Precipitation

<div><span>Climatic changes induce many significant changes to long standing weather patterns. These mechanisms interact to drive consequences that may not be immediately obvious. One such connection involves the apparent relationship between polar sea ice extent and mid-latitude precipitation timing and location. This correlation, its mechanisms, and possible influences on weather are decently understood with respect to the Northern Hemisphere. However, the analogous relation for the Southern Hemisphere has been less studied. This provides an opportunity to examine connections between polar conditions and mid-latitude weather.</span></div><div> </div><div><span>We explore the teleconnection between sea ice extent and lower latitude precipitation over the Southern Hemisphere. We investigate this relationship through observations of sea ice coverage using ICESat and ICESat-2 compared with reanalysis data via MERRA-2 in order to understand the variability of sea ice extent and its impact on midlatitude precipitation over the Southern Hemisphere. This study particularly examines the importance of seasonality and regional variations of the relationship.</span></div>

The Aristotelian Context of the Existence-Essence Distinction in De Ente Et Essentia

This paper explores the Aristotelian context of the real distinction between existence and essence thought to be posited in Thomas Aquinas’ early work De Ente Et Essentia. In doing so, the paper situates its own position in the context of contemporary scholarship and in relation to the contemporary trend to downplay Aristotle’s influence in Thomas Aquinas’ philosophy. The paper argues that re-reading De Ente Et Essentia in this way sheds new light on some of the crucial debates in contemporary Thomist scholarship, particularly with respect to the analogous relation between potency and act: essence and existence, the distinction between conceptual and causal explanation, and the relationship between philosophy and theology in the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

Mielen ja ruumiin pyörteissä. Kokemuksellisuus Kati Kovácsin sarjakuvateoksessa Karu selli

In the Carousel of Body and Mind. Experientiality in Kati Kovács’ Graphic Narrative Carousel The article explores the medium­specific qualities of graphic narration for representing experientiality. Kati Kovács’ graphic narrative Karu selli (”Carousel”, 1996) utilizes a variety of experimental formal means for conveying the psychological develop­ ment story of a jealous housewife. The theoretical point of departure is the concept of experientiality by Monica Fludernik who stresses the importance of experience as the defining quality of narratives. In order to analyze the formal structure of the book the writer applies the theory of spatio­topicality by Thierry Groensteen. As Groensteen suggests, the analysis of a graphic narrative must consider how the spatial layout of the pages is utilized in delivering the story and guiding the reader. In Kovács’ book, the space of the page is used as a narrative layer to convey the experiences of the character. Analogous relation between the structural space of the page and the story space supports the movement of the character in the story world. In addition, Kovács’ book utilizes symbolic frames in order to represent the emotions of the character, or alternatively, the stance of the narrator. The reoccurring symbolic creatures in the frames, such as snakes, worms, and insects, emphasize the subjective nature of the story. At the end of the book, the reader finds out that most of the events have taken place only inside the mind of the protagonist. The mental carousel – to which the name refers – of the main character is represented by using a wide range of symbolic, verbal, visual and spatial means. By analyzing the book with narratological concepts and tools from comics theory the writer aims to show the potential of graphic narratives as an object of narratological analysis.

El valor exponencial del concepto de individuo en el Diario de Søren A. Kierkegaard. The Exponential Value of the Concept of Individual in the Diary of Søren A. Kierkegaard

En los textos de los diarios de Kierkegaard podemos encontrar un análisis del concepto de individuo que gira en torno al den Enkelte o individuo singular. Sin embargo, no debemos confundir el concepto de “individuo” con el de “individuo singular”. Entre ambos existe una relación compleja y análoga que permite establecer una tipología humana. Por otro lado, de dichos textos se deduce, además, un progreso o desarrollo humano cuyo sentido último tiene que ver con la realización auténtica de la existencia cristiana, a la que se apunta teleológicamente mediante esa gura paradigmática que es Jesucristo como individuo singular frente a Dios. We can find in Kierkegaard’s journals an analysis on the concept of individual which focus on the concept of den Enkelte or singular individual. However, we must not confuse the concept of “individual” with the concept of “singular individual”. Between both of them, there exists a complex and analogous relation that allows us to establish a human typology. On the other hand, a progress or human development is deduced from the aforementioned texts, one whose ultimate meaning is related to the authentic accomplishment of the Christian existence, to which it points in a teleological way by means of the paradigmatic figure that is Jesus Christ as a singular individual in comparison to God.

Children's Stories & the Quantum Administrator

This article examines the analogous relation between children's literature and the complex (quantum and chaotic) world of public administration. Public policy and public administration interact with every aspect in our lives and leave their mark on how we perceive reality. One of the formats that express these realities is children's literature. Through the narratives of children's literature, we reflect our experiences and conscious outlooks toward life. Children's literature is a fertile arena for our interactions with the world, and it bridges our past, present and future by extending itself beyond time and place, enabling us to understand and reflect on the complex world in which we live. By understanding children's literature through the complexity lenses of chaos and quantun theories, we are able to liberate ourselves from the artificial constraints imposed on us by the mundane adulthood, and return once again with the same energy and curiosity to questioning the world.

Dimension, recurrence via entropy and Lyapunov exponents for map with singularities

Let $f:M\rightarrow M$ be a $C^{1}$ self-map of a smooth Riemannian manifold $M$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ be an $f$-invariant ergodic Borel probability measure with a compact support $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$. We prove that if $f$ is Hölder mild on the intersection of the singularity set and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$, then the pointwise dimension of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ can be controlled by the Lyapunov exponents of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ with respect to $f$ and the entropy of $f$. Moreover, we establish the distinction of the Hausdorff dimension of the critical points sets of maps between the $C^{1,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ continuity and Hölder mildness conditions. Consequently, this shows that the Hölder mildness condition is much weaker than the $C^{1,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ continuity condition. As applications of our result, if we study the recurrence rate of $f$ instead of the pointwise dimension of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$, then we deduce that the analogous relation exists between recurrence rate, entropy and Lyapunov exponents.

Moment – rotation dependence under fire conditions for steel beam-to-column joint with known flexibility

Simplified methodology helpful in a reliable specification of moment - rotation dependences characterizing the steel beam-to-column joint flexibility under fully developed fire conditions is presented and discussed in detail. The shape of identified dependences changes with the temperature increase of the members connected in the considered joint. The analogous relation, known a priori and determined for examined joint being under persistent design situation, is adopted as the reference dependence specified on the basis of the classical component approach. In the presented paper the alternative calculation technique, recommended by the authors in this field, deals with the replacement of such reference relation by another one resulted from the use of Richard – Abbott formal model. Furthermore, the additional approach, taken from the standard PN-EN 1993-1-8, is examined for comparative purposes. To transform such input dependence, related to the room member temperature, into the case of fully developed fire scenario it is firstly approximated by suitable segmental curve and afterwards the relative reduction ratios referring to the steel elasticity modulus as well as to the steel yield point, the joint is made of, are taken into consideration. As a result, a number of the requested relations is obtained, differentiated dependently on the assumed member temperature.

On Duality between Quantum Maps and Quantum States

We investigate the space of quantum operations, as well as the larger space of maps which are positive, but not completely positive. A constructive criterion for decomposability is presented. A certain class of unistochastic operations, determined by unitary matrices of extended dimensionality, is defined and analyzed. Using the concept of the dynamical matrix and the Jamiołkowski isomorphism we explore the relation between the set of quantum operations (dynamics) and the set of density matrices acting on an extended Hilbert space (kinematics). An analogous relation is established between the classical maps and an extended space of the discrete probability distributions.

Relation Among Average Speed, Flow, and Density and Analogous Relation Between Density and Occupancy

To counter the growing body of literature disputing that average vehicle speed is the ratio of flow to density, the relation is shown to hold as an identity when the variables are defined in the manner described by Edie. In similar fashion, the analogous relation between density and occupancy is shown to be true. These identities are illustrated with data measured by paired loop detectors, which underscores that Edie’s definitions are natural ways to treat the variables. The detector data are further used to show that any disputes surrounding the validity of these identities are largely the result of having defined (i.e., measured) the traffic variables in some other ways.