Cultural and Technological Characteristics of Russian Forged Iron Tools from the Selkup Cemetery Migalka in the Middle Ob Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
L. A. Chindina ◽  
N. M. Zinyakov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
Colonization Period

This study addresses Russian iron artifacts from the Narym Selkup cemetery Migalka, dating to the late 1600s to early 1700s. Two most important categories of tools are described—knives and axes. In terms of morphology, knives fall into two groups: straight-backed and those with convex (“humped”) backs. The combination of a “humpbacked” blade, typical of native manufacture, and Russian hilt plates precludes an unambiguous ethnic attribution. Special attention is paid to knives with fi ligree-enamel hilt plates as markers of high socio-economic status. The garniture evidences northern Russian origin. The metallographic analysis of knives (22% of the sample) revealed two technological groups: made of solid steel and welded. Axes, made by Russian artisans, are of the shaft-hole type and fall into four types. The analysis, relating to 42% of the sample, indicates two techniques: welding of a steel blade onto an iron base or a piece of raw steel, and using irregularly carbonized metal for forging the entire axe. Ferrous metal items follow the Russian technological traditions. Three key factors accounted for the spread of Russian artifacts among the natives: “Tsar’s gift” for paying the yasak (tribute); colonization of Siberia followed by the emergence of trade manufacture; and the involvement of natives, specifi cally the Narym Selkups, in the all-Russian market. Our fi ndings attest to the relevance of iron artifacts from archaeological sites to the historical and cultural studies of the colonization period in western Siberia.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH INTO THE METAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE NORTHERN SELKUP SHAMAN COSTUME OF THE XVII–XVIII CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
N.M. Zinyakov ◽  
O.E. Poshekhonova
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Technological Research ◽  
Technological Methods

To reconstruct the technological methods and technical achievements of Northern Selkup blacksmiths, the components of the Northern Selkup shaman costume, which is composed of ferrous metal, were studied using metallographic analysis methods. The materials were found in two graves in a Kikki-Akki burial ground from the XVII–XVIII centuries (Western Siberia, Taz river). It was found that the basic raw materials for production were unevenly carbonized steel and soft iron; high-carbon steel was also found in rare instances, which was most likely received by Northern Selkup blacksmiths from Russia. The iron items of the shaman costume were forged by professional blacksmiths who possessed complex technological skills and production equipment.

scholarly journals Forged products by Russian craftsmen of the 17th–19th centuries on the basis of materials from the Kikki-Akki burial ground of Upper Taz Selkups: technological characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
N.M. Zinyakov ◽  
O.E. Poshekhonova
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
The North ◽  
Goods Market

The article studies the technology of making iron and steel items of Russian origin, discovered in the Kikki-Akki burial ground of Northern Selkups (18th–19th centuries) in the north of Western Siberia in the upper reaches of the Taz River. In the study, we established the origin and chronology of Russian industrial goods in Western Siberia, as well as factors under the influence of which they appeared among the indigenous Siberian population. We examined knives and axes (17th — early 19th centuries) using the methods of metallographic analysis includ-ing macro- and micrographic examination, as well as microhardness testing. They provide an opportunity to de-termine the structure of the metal, which in turn helps determine chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of the product. The analysis of forged products revealed that they were made according to the techno-logical traditions of Russian metalworking production existing in the 17th — early 19th centuries. Its distinctive features included the development and widespread practice in applying the modifications of two technological schemes for producing items from ferrous metal. The former was based on the welding either of iron and steel or of different grades of steel, whereas the latter involved all-steel structures. The former technological scheme pre-dominated in the production of items found in the Kikki-Akki burial ground. Moreover, the production of welded structures lacked standardisation. The following techniques were used in the production of knives: two-layer wel-ding of iron and steel, three-layer welding, V-joint welding, oblique welding, built-up welding at the ends and wel-ding of the steel blade. The use of soft quenching was noted as an additional operation that improved the opera-tional properties of the household tool. This variety of used technological schemes reflects the complex nature of the formation of the industrial goods market in Western Siberia. The selection of items made using different welded technologies is associated with the intention to use metal products of the highest quality for the fur trade and yasak collection. However, all-metal structures predominated in the main centres for the production of forged goods — cities of European Russia and Western Siberia.

Improving IT Market Development through IT Solutions for Prosumers

2014 ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Costello
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
New Products ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Individual Expert

With the IT markets rapidly changing, organisations are looking at alternative ways of improving their economic status through using the prosumer to improve IT solutions. This whole concept of using the prosumer involves organisations coming away from the traditional way of thinking about the producers and consumers as individual entities. IT companies frequently face product development challenges from industrial or societal innovations pressure. Organisations are responding to these trends within the IT sector by developing new products and improving existing products. This chapter looks at what key factors are associated with prosumers’ and how organisations can harness this power through personalisation. Personalisation through prosumers’ can improve the software development cycles and innovations through incorporating individual expert skills.

scholarly journals Higher educational and economic status are key factors for the timely initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: A review and meta‐analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 2208-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold ◽  
Shimels Hussien Mohammed ◽  
Aklilu Endalamaw ◽  
Henok Mulugeta ◽  
Getenet Dessie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Timely Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Changes of Microstructure and Properties of G105 Drill Pipe in H2S Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 303-312
Author(s):  
Ben Sheng Huang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
Long Peng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Microstructure And Properties ◽  
Steel Drill ◽  
Pipe Materials

H2S corrosion has become one of the key factors that has impact seriously on the exploration and development of high-sulfur oil and gas. In order to study the change of microstructure and properties of G105 steel drill pipe in H2S environment, different concentrations of H2S (300ppm, 400ppm, 500ppm, 600ppm) were used respectively at room temperature to make corrosion immersion test on the G105 drill pipe, and then tensile test, impact test, hardness test, metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and EDS spectrum analysis. The results showed that in the range of H2S concentration provided in tests, pipe materials was corroded quite seriously, microstructure changed obviously, comprehensive mechanical properties decreased significantly, and the range decreased first and then increased and decreased again. The type of fracture is classified as the pore ductile fracture, some of them appear prospective cleavage characteristics, and, fracture place exist severe solute partial clustering phenomenon. In addition, high concentration of Sulfur was found in impact fracture surface. The results would provide a reference for our understanding of the corrosion behavior of the drill pipe materials in H2S environment and the development of new anti-corrosion materials drill pipe.

scholarly journals Bracelet from an Elunino burial at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
I.A. Valkov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Trace Analysis ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article studies a stone bead bracelet found in an Early Bronze Age burial of the Elunino archaeological culture during the excavation of the Teleut Vzvoz-I burial ground (heterogeneous in time) in the south of Western Siberia (Forest-Steppe Altai). According to a series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, the Elunino burial ground at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site was used in the 22nd–18th centuries BC. The artefact under study was found in double burial No. 16 of the indicated burial ground, on the wrist of an adult (gender is not established). The bracelet in-cludes 66 stone beads, as well as one stone base. This piece of jewellery is unique in terms of technique, as well as the sacral meaning embedded in it. The ornament found on the beads bears no analogies to those discovered in the well-known Bronze Age archaeological sites of Western and Eastern Siberia. The present publication con-siders the morphological and raw material characteristics of the bracelet, as well as the specifics of its production and use. In this study, trace analysis was performed, i.e. the analysis of macro- and micro-traces left on the sur-face of the item as a result of its production and subsequent use. All traces were examined using an MBS-10 stereoscopic microscope at a magnification of ×16–56. It was found that some of the beads in the bracelet were made of serpentinite. The nearest sources of this stone are at least 250–300 km away from Teleut Vzvoz-I. The beads are made by counter-drilling, drilling of blind holes, polishing and grinding. This find is unique due to orna-mental compositions found on several beads in the form of oblique notches on side faces. The extremely small size of the beads (average diameter of 3.3 mm; average thickness of 1.4 mm) makes the pattern invisible to the naked eye. Thus, it is concluded that the ornament had a sacred meaning, and the bracelet itself served as an amulet. Despite no finds of ornamented bracelets dating back to the Bronze Age in Western Siberia and adjacent territories, typologically the bracelet bears analogies to the antiquities of the Okunevo culture, the Yamna cultural and historical community, as well as in the materials of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Gonur Depe (Turk-menistan). The study of the bracelet demonstrates the relevance of performing trace analysis of such items from other archaeological sites.

scholarly journals Demographic and Socio-Economic Status of the Farmers of North Eastern Part of Country: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
H. Vanlalhmuliana ◽  
C. Rachael ◽  
Mukesh Sehgal ◽  
Meenakshi Malik ◽  
Subhash Chander
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Production Organization ◽  
Modern Technologies

A socio-economic study of farmers from Siaha district was conducted with the objectives to know the socio-economic status of Siaha district farmers, to study the availability of resources, to locate the specific socio-economic weaknesses in their production organization, and to find the constraints that inhibit the popularisation and adoption of modern technologies.  Siaha district is comprised of numerous hills and valleys and is rich in vegetation and forests. Jhum cultivation is still widely practiced as the traditional farming system. The cropping pattern of the Siaha district is characterized by the predominance of rice as the lead crop. Agricultural crops account for more than 65 percent of the gross cropped area which indicates the prevalence of subsistence agriculture and lack of crop diversification. It was observed that these farmers are socio-economically backward. Agriculture of the primary source of livelihood for the overwhelming majority of the farmer’s population. It is mandatory to identify and quantify the socio-economic factors which are key factors that are inhibiting their growth and development.

scholarly journals Technological characteristics of glauconite rocks in Bakchar deposit (Western Siberia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 01016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Rudmin ◽  
A.K. Mazurov ◽  
B.I. Makarov ◽  
I.V. Reva
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Technological Characteristics

scholarly journals Chronology of a Medieval complex from the Papskoye settlement (forest-steppe of Western Siberia)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
N.P. Matveeva ◽  
E.A. Tret'iakov ◽  
A.S. Zelenkov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
The Right

A large number of imported items found in the occupation layers of archaeological sites in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia suggest that, in the Middle Ages, these regions were on the periphery of trade routes and were involved in global historical events. In this connection, the dating of material culture provides details about trade and economic, as well as social and political, aspects of the life of communities of the past. One of the new archaeological sites allowing the dynamics of material culture to be traced is a multi-layered Papskoye settlement. This site constitutes a fortification having two areas and powerful defensive lines, located on top of the right-bank terrace of the Iset River. In this study, structures attributed to different chronological periods were analysed and artefacts were collected (7th century BC — 14th century AD). Nevertheless, collections of items dating back to the High Middle Ages (late 9th — early 14th centuries) are the most representative as they most objectively reflect the historical and cultural processes that took place in this region. Most of the finds of arrowheads, elements of cloth-ing and horse harnesses, as well as household items, in the Papskoye settlement belong to this time. In this study, we used a comparative-typological method followed by the identification of the types of things. In order to establish the most accurate chronological framework, as well as to determine the primary centres for the production of certain items, we applied the method of analogy using a wide range of material culture from the neighbouring territories, which include Altai, Mongolia, Volga region, Kama area, the Caucasus, the north of Western Siberia, etc. In this study, we identified two chronological phases within the High Middle Ages using the materials of the Papskoye fortified settlement: 1) late 9th — 12th centuries; 2) late 12th — early 14th centuries. They correspond to the period when the carriers of the Yudino and Chiyalik cultures inhabited this site. In addition, a large number of direct analogies with the neighbouring territories suggests that the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals was located on the periphery of trade routes through which imports came from Southern Siberia, Volga Bulgaria and the Upper Kama area.

scholarly journals Archaeological Map of the Siberian Khanate: Dating and Interpretation Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Sergey F. Tataurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Dendrochronological Analysis ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Grounds

Research objectives: Turkic-Tatar state formations have left significant tra­ces in the history of Western Siberia in the last 500 years. Due to their small number, the surviving written sources do not fully explain their state structure, borders, levels of production and development, etc. The way out of this situation may be the use of research materials from archaeological sites dated to the relevant time. Research materials: Many years of excavations of settlements, burial grounds, cities, and cult sites have provided significant material for the scholarly community, but up to the present there is a problem with their dating, and with correlation to specific khanates. To solve the question of dating of archaeological complexes of this time, it is proposed to use the method of dendrochronological analysis on the same scale, regarding materials, as that seen in the study of Tara – one of the first Russian cities in Siberia. Another way to determine the materials related to the Siberian Khanate is a study of the complexes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which belonged to Siberian Tatars. After the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state, the local population preserved its traditional culture for a long time, elements of which were formed during the period of existence in Turkic-Tatar state formations. Results and novelty of the research: This article offer approaches that allow one to single out several blocks of information – on fortifications, dwellings, ways of communication, weapons – which could become certain chronological repeaters for the Siberian Khanate. The conducted research allows us to both draw connections between several fortified complexes in Tara’s Cis-Irtysh region and to show the presence of a border line, consisting of several towns on the borders of the Siberian Khanate. Such an approach will allow us to identify and explore similar lines in other territories of this state formation.

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