scholarly journals Refugees or Illegal Immigrants: The Problem of the Group in Refugee Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria J Innes

ABSTRACT This research excavates the case of Jewish refugees in Cyprus between 1946 and 1948. I argue that this case is formative of the development not just of the refugee, but—perhaps more interestingly—of the concept of “illegal immigration,” which relies on the constructed impossibility of group-based refugee protection. I contend that there is a paradox residing at the heart of the 1951 Refugee Convention definition of a refugee that produces the refugee as a singular victim while supporting the very conditions that create that victimhood—that is, persecution targeted at an identity group where the persecution is motivated by the shared identity (defined in the Refugee Convention by race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion). As the architecture of international human rights was built, the refugee definition was drafted in a way that embedded group-based exclusion in the design of the definition. I exemplify this through the case of Jewish refugees attempting to reach British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s, who were intercepted and detained in Cyprus. The case is worthy of attention because it exposes the absence of group protection in the refugee definition and the effect of that absence: a group is constituted as a threat and cannot be defined collectively as refugees. Instead, they become “illegal immigrants.” This case study of Jewish detention in Cyprus provides a key empirical example of oppression residing inside a historically liberal movement and in the resulting conditions of refugee protection.

Author(s):  
Wouters Cornelis (Kees)

Armed conflicts have always been and still are major causes of refugee movements. They invariably cause human suffering, destroying State and societal structure and affecting the lives of civilian populations. While it is difficult to contest that people should not be returned to conflict, different thinking and practices are discernable in relation to the applicable legal framework for providing refugee protection to people displaced across borders by conflict. These discrepancies arise in part from the way in which conflicts are understood; the way in which the definition of a refugee in the Refugee Convention has been interpreted and applied; and in part from limitations in the definition itself. Recognizing ‘conflict refugees’ as refugees within the international legal framework requires an understanding of the dynamics of conflicts and a dynamic interpretation of the refugee definitions at global and regional levels.


2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zubair ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel Khan ◽  
Muzamil Shah

The article aims to investigate the legal framework of refugee protection system at regional and international level, which starts with the modern history of refugee system that when fleeing people from one region to another were considered as refugees. It further explores steps that were taken at the initial moment and how such system developed at the international level. The legal protection along with internationally accepted definition of refugees was achieved with the passage of time. The 1951 Refugee Convention is considered as the main foundation upon which the whole refugee system is based, was further augmented with the adoption of the 1967 Protocol, which removed the two main objections i.e. the temporal and geographical limitations from the Convention. The article explains the refugee definition, protections available under various instruments at regional and international level to refugees.


Author(s):  
عالية زروقي (Alia Zerrouki)

ملخص البحث:   نتناول في هذه الدراسة الأدبية كتابات محمد ديب؛ من أول رواية قدمها للقارئ: "الدار الكبيرة 1952م" وحتى آخرها "لايزا  2003م"، حيث نتقصى عبرها ظاهرة الالتزام، وكيفية معالجة الأديب للقضايا المعاصرة له، في إطار الإبداع الأدبي بما فيه الرواية والقصة والشعر والمسرحية، إذ كان للأديب إسهام فعال في إثراء الأدب الجزائري لاسيما المكتوب منه باللغة الفرنسية، حيث يعد أديباً منتمياً لبلده بقلبه وقلمه، مجسداً ذلك في كل ما يخطه من إبداع، وقد بدأنا هذه الدراسة بتعريف الالتزام والأدب الملتزم، ثم توضيح مستويات الالتزام في كتاباته المختلفة تبعا للتطور الزمني عامة وفي قصة الليلة المتوحشة، والتي تجسد فكرة متقدمة صدر عنها الأديب في مراحل حياته الأخيرة. ووصلت الدراسة إلى بعض النتائج، ومنها: أن أعمـال محمد ديـب الأدبيـة تبتعد عن الرّتابة والثبات، وتنّقل فيها بين موضوعات قومية ووطنية، وموضوعات داخلية خاصة بالمنفى والاغتراب والبعد عن الوطن بداية من تجربته الخاصة إلى تجربة عالمية عامّة، فكان اكتشافه للأنا وللذات الجزائرية عبر علاقاتها بالآخر الأجنبي  الفرنسي والأوروبي والعالمي؛ وتعدّ قصة "المسعود" من المجموعة القصصية "الليلة المتوحشة" واحدة من تلك الأعمال التي تبرز التزام الأديب بما يفكر فيه شعبه وما يعايشه لاسيما الهجرة غير الشرعية، وكيف أصبح الجزائري يرى باريس بعد مرور السنين. وقد ركّز الأديب على نهر السيّـن على اعتبار أنّه مأوى للمهاجرين غير الشرعيين والمتسكعين، ويستقبل السيّاح الذين يفدون إليه من كل ناحية، متباهياً أمامهم بصروحه المجاورة من كنيسة نوتردام وحدائق محيطة، وجسور وأرصفة.الكلمات المفتاحية: الالتزام- محمد ديب- الأجناس الأدبية- المواكبة الحضارية- الليلة المتوحشة. Abstract:This paper discusses the works of Muḥammad Dīb from his first novel in 1952: ‘al-Dār al-Kabīrah’ until his final work ‘Layza’ in 2003. It traces the element of commitment in these works and how the writer attended to contemporary issues in the context of his works in novels, story, poetry and theatre. The writer’s contribution in creative writing was enormous especially those written in French. Nonetheless, he was regarded as very patriotic to his homeland through his passion and writing. This was very apparent in many of his works. The study begins with the definition of commitment in literature and later traces the levels of commitment of the writer in the various eras and in particular in the novel ‘al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah’ in which a very advanced view on commitment was put forward in the later stages of his life. The study concludes that the writer’s work was flexible shifting between the topics on nationalism and the issues on the inner self such as isolation and desolation from home based on his own experience to an international issue. The story of al-Masʿūd from the anthology ‘al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah’ is one of those stories in which the writer touched on his people and the issue they were facing such as illegal immigration. The story pictures Paris over the years. The writer also focused on the Seine River in Paris as an asylum for illegal immigrants and the homeless, proud of its beautiful surrounding views of tall cathedrals and beautiful gardens.Keywords: Commitment– Muḥammad Dīb – Keeping up with Progress– ‘al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah’. Abstrak:Makalah ini membincangkan karya-karya Muḥammad Dīb, bermula daripada novelnya yang pertama, berjudul al-Dār al-Kabīrah, yang telah diterbitkan pada tahun 1952 sehingga karyanya yang terakhir berjudul Layza, yang telah diterbitkan pada tahun 2003. Melalui karyanya, terserlah elemen komitmen dan tanggungjawab serta usaha penulis dalam membicarakan isu-isu semasa. Hal ini boleh dilihat dalam karya-karyanya seperti genre novel, cereka, syair dan drama. Sumbangan penulis dalam penulisan karya kreatif amat penting terutamanya karya-karya beliau yang ditulis dalam bahasa Perancis. Walaupun sedemikian, beliau dianggap sebagai seorang penulis yang memiliki sifat patriotik yang sangat tinggi terhadap tanah airnya, Algeria. Hal ini boleh dilihat dengan jelas melalui semangat dan perasaan yang ditonjolkan dalam sebahagian besar penulisannya. Kajian ini dimulai dengan definisi perkataan komitmen dan tanggungjawab dalam kesusasteraan dan kemudian diterangkan peringkat-peringkat komitmen bagi penulis tersebut dalam pelbagai karyanya menurut eranya yang berbeza, khususnya dalam himpunan cerpennya berjudul al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah. Dalam kompilasi cerpen ini, penulis mengemukakan pandangan peribadinya mengenai elemen komitmen dan tanggungjawab yang digalas dalam lewat akhir kehidupannya. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa karya-karya penulis tidak bersifat kaku, malah fleksibel dalam membincangkan pelbagai topik mengenai nasionalisme dan dalam masa yang sama penulis memperkatakan tentang perasaan dalamannya seperti keterasingan dan kesepian yang dialami terhadap tanah airnya, begitu juga dengan isu-isu global. Cerpennya berjudul al-Masʿūd yang terkandung dalam kompilasi cerpen berjudul al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah, merupakan salah satu cerita yang menyerlahkan komitmen dan tanggugjawab penulis, yang mana dalam karyanya beliau memperkatakan tentang pemikiran masyarakatnya dan kehidupan yang mereka lalui sebagai pendatang tanpa izin di Paris untuk beberapa tahun lamanya. Selain itu, penulis juga membicarakan tentang sungai Seine di Paris yang merupakan tempat berlindung bagi pendatang haram dan orang yang tidak memiliki rumah, selain menggambarkan pemandangan di sekelilingnya yang indah dengan gereja-gereja besar yang tinggi, jambatan dan taman-taman yang cantik. Kata kunci: Komitmen- Muḥammad Dīb- Genre- Tuntutan Pembangunan- al-Laylah al-Mutawaḥḥishah.


2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (904) ◽  
pp. 211-239
Author(s):  
Pavle Kilibarda

AbstractA significant increase in the number of arrivals of refugees and migrants in Europe along the Western Balkans route brought several Balkan countries into the spotlight of international refugee protection in 2015 and 2016. Out of hundreds of thousands of refugees and migrants recorded entering the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia, only a handful remained to seek asylum from their authorities. Under the circumstances, the applicability of the 1951 Refugee Convention with respect to refugees refraining from seeking asylum was brought into question, as well as the extent of transit countries’ legal obligations under refugee law. Based on the Western Balkans experience, the present article seeks to re-examine the relationship between the concept of asylum and the regime of the 1951 Refugee Convention, the Convention's scope of application in “transit countries”, and minimal standards stemming from positive law regarding the treatment of refugees and migrants in a transit context.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saida Parvin

Women’s empowerment has been at the centre of research focus for many decades. Extant literature examined the process, outcome and various challenges. Some claimed substantial success, while others contradicted with evidence of failure. But the success remains a matter of debate due to lack of empirical evidence of actual empowerment of women around the world. The current study aimed to address this gap by taking a case study method. The study critically evaluates 20 cases carefully sampled to include representatives from the entire country of Bangladesh. The study demonstrates popular beliefs about microfinance often misguide even the borrowers and they start living in a fabricated feeling of empowerment, facing real challenges to achieve true empowerment in their lives. The impact of this finding is twofold; firstly there is a theoretical contribution, where the definition of women’s empowerment is proposed to be revisited considering findings from these cases. And lastly, the policy makers at governmental and non-governmental organisations, and multinational donor agencies need to revise their assessment tools for funding.


Author(s):  
Michael C. Medlock

This chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophy and then definition of the RITE method. It then delves into the benefits of this method and provides practical notes on running RITE tests effectively. The chapter concludes with an overview of the original case study behind the 2002 article documenting this method.


Author(s):  
Emron Esplin

This essay explores Edgar Allan Poe’s extraordinary relationships with various literary traditions across the globe, posits that Poe is the most influential US writer on the global literary scene, and argues that Poe’s current global reputation relies at least as much on the radiance of the work of Poe’s literary advocates—many of whom are literary stars in their own right—as it does on the brilliance of Poe’s original works. The article briefly examines Poe’s most famous French advocates (Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Valéry); glosses the work of his advocates throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas; and offers a concise case study of Poe’s influence on and advocacy from three twentieth-century writers from the Río de la Plata region of South America (Quiroga, Borges, and Cortázar). The essay concludes by reading the relationships between Poe and his advocates through the ancient definition of astral or stellar influence.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4186
Author(s):  
Abdulhakeem Raji ◽  
Abeer Hassan

This paper adopted a case study approach to investigate the sustainability practices of a Scottish university in order to understand if sustainability forms part of its central policy agenda. As such, the paper focuses on the levels of awareness and disclosure of their sustainable practices, measuring the impacts and effectiveness of those initiatives. This paper introduces signaling theory to explore the idea that appropriate communication via integrated thinking can close the gap between the organization and its stakeholders. We believe that the provision of this relevant information will lead to better communication between the organization and its stakeholders, supporting a signaling theory interpretation. Therefore, we are suggesting that integrated thinking is an internal process that organizations can follow to increase the level of disclosure as a communication tool with stakeholders. From the literature reviewed, four themes were identified (definition of university sustainability, sustainability awareness, disclosure framework within universities, and level of accountability). The research adopted a pragmatic view and conducted individual interviews with participants belonging to three stakeholder groups (members of the university’s senior management, the governing council, and the student union executive). Although this study focused on just one Scottish university, it should still provide some insight for the better understanding of the underpinning issues surrounding the sustainability accountability practices of Scottish universities in general. The research findings indicated that the university prioritized only two sustainability dimensions—economic and environmental—and that the university still perceived sustainability as a voluntary exercise. Additionally, it is evident that the university had no framework in place for measuring its sustainability delivery—and therefore had no established medium of communicating these activities to its stakeholders. Moreover, research findings showed that the social and educational context of sustainability was lacking at the university. The university has done little or nothing to educate its stakeholders on sustainability.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Jeffrey T. Paci ◽  
Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes ◽  
...  

AbstractThis investigation presents a generally applicable framework for parameterizing interatomic potentials to accurately capture large deformation pathways. It incorporates a multi-objective genetic algorithm, training and screening property sets, and correlation and principal component analyses. The framework enables iterative definition of properties in the training and screening sets, guided by correlation relationships between properties, aiming to achieve optimal parametrizations for properties of interest. Specifically, the performance of increasingly complex potentials, Buckingham, Stillinger-Weber, Tersoff, and modified reactive empirical bond-order potentials are compared. Using MoSe2 as a case study, we demonstrate good reproducibility of training/screening properties and superior transferability. For MoSe2, the best performance is achieved using the Tersoff potential, which is ascribed to its apparent higher flexibility embedded in its functional form. These results should facilitate the selection and parametrization of interatomic potentials for exploring mechanical and phononic properties of a large library of two-dimensional and bulk materials.


2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ollie Ganz ◽  
Mary Hrywna ◽  
Kevin R J Schroth ◽  
Cristine D Delnevo

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA) granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over tobacco products, although initially this only included cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and roll-your-own tobacco. In 2016, the deeming rule extended regulatory authority to include all tobacco products, including cigars. The deeming rule prohibited the introduction of new tobacco products into the marketplace without proper marketing authorisation and laid out pathways for tobacco companies to follow. The deeming rule should have frozen the cigar marketplace in 2016. In this paper, we describe how the cigarillo marketplace, nevertheless, continues to diversify with new brands, flavors, styles and packaging sizes entering the market regularly. As an example, we highlight recent promotional efforts by Swedish Match North America (Swedish Match) for their popular cigarillo brands, including White Owl, Night Owl and Garcia y Vega’s Game brand. We argue that ambiguities in the TCA make it unclear whether Swedish Match’s seemingly new cigarillos fit the definition of new tobacco products and, if so, whether they are on the market legally. Swedish Match and other cigarillo companies may be taking advantage of these ambiguities to promote a variety of cigarillo flavors and styles in innovative ways. Given that cigars are combustible tobacco products that pose many of the same risks as cigarettes, this business practice raises significant concerns regarding the protection of public health, particularly among young people.


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