Management of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) through Application of Different Tactics: A Review

Bactrocera zonata is the most destructive pest in tropical and subtropical regions. In this region, it is the most devasting fly, due to its high reproductive potential, mobility, host range, and adaptability to climate. Those countries which are considered as fruit-producing countries lose their international markets due to the quarantine regulations which are imposed to avoid the invasion of a fruit fly. For the management of B. zonata, the use of chemical insecticides against fruit fly is in practice for several decades which originate from environmental imbalance, diseases in humans and animals and develop resistance. Different methods are alternatives to chemical control, grouped into cultural, physical, behavioral, genetic, and biological control. In this review, we summarize all the control measures which can be used singly or in the integrated form with other measures to control the B. zonata.

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Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2020-0031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 404-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽

Yalda Vasebi ◽

Naser Safaie

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Plant Disease ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Control Measures ◽

Wide Range ◽

Plant Disease Management ◽

Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

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Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly).

10.1079/cpc.17694.20210102446 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdeljelil Bakri

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Reproductive Potential ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Dispersal Ability ◽

South East Asia ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Export Markets ◽

Bactrocera Zonata ◽

Control Programmes ◽

Mediterranean Plant

Abstract Native to South and South-East Asia, B. zonata is now found in more than 20 countries. The potential risk of its introduction to a new area is facilitated by increasing international tourism and trade, and is influenced by changes in climate and land use. After introduction, it can easily adapt and spread as it is a polyphagous species and has a high reproductive potential (as many as 564 eggs in a lifetime), high biotic potential (several generations of progeny in a year), and a rapid dispersal ability. B. zonata is a strong flier and can be active throughout the year. Economic impacts may result primarily from the loss of export markets and the costly requirement of quarantine restrictions and eradication measures. Furthermore, its establishment may have a serious impact on the environment following the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes. B. zonata is of quarantine significance to EPPO (the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) countries. The pest is classified on the A1 List of Pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests.

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The Biology and Control of the Sugar-cane Chafer Beetles in Tanganyika

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300046733 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 377-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

W. F. Jepson

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Sugar Cane ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Parasite Species ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mortality Factors ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

And Control ◽

Clemora Smithi

The principal pest of sugar-cane in northern Tanganyika is the Red Cane Beetle, Cochliotis melolonthoides (Gerst.) (Melolonthidae). Descriptions of adults and larvae of Cochliotis and of allied beetles found in the same area are given.The bionomics of Cochliotis have been studied in the field over two seasons. The life-cycle is annual with adult swarming in early October and a season of maximum larval damage in July–August.The intensity of infestation and the nature of the losses are discussed, and the mortality factors which act upon Cochliotis in nature are reviewed.Cultural control measures suggested include the deferment of planting until July to October, when larval activity has waned; introduction of quick-maturing varieties, mechanically cultivated so that long ratooning can be gradually eliminated; regulation of the water table by control of irrigation, and the trial of resistant varieties. The Mauritius varieties M. 134/32 and M. 165/38 are suggested in this connection.Biological control is discussed and a review of the parasite species that might possibly be introduced is made largely from the writer's Mauritius work on Clemora smithi (Arr.).Experiments in the chemical control of Cochliotis are described and the final recommendation is the application at planting of ½ lb. per 50 ft. of furrow of a BHC powder containing 2·5 per cent, of γ BHC. This practice has been adopted by the infested estate with successful results in virgins and first ratoons.Further work is suggested on the chemical protection of second and later ratoons by surface application of BHC or aldrin.

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Pesticide Options for Important Insect, Mite and Mollusk Pests of Commercial Flowers in Florida

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ig162-2004 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 2004 (3) ◽

Author(s):

James F. Price ◽

Curtis Nagle ◽

Elzie McCord, Jr.

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Cooperative Extension ◽

Cooperative Extension Service ◽

Control Measures ◽

Insect Control ◽

Extension Service ◽

University Of Florida ◽

Agricultural Sciences

This insect control guide is a summary of chemical control measures that are presently available to commercial flower producers in Florida and includes beneficial nematode and microbial insecticides that also are components of biological control. This document is ENY-695, one of a series of the Entomology & Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: December 2003. Revised: September 2004. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig162

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Exposure Time and age Links Parasitism, Emergence and Development of Pupal Parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii Against Bactrocera zonata

Science Letters ◽

10.47262/sl/8.3.132020015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 104-107

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Artificial Diet ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Developmental Time ◽

Host Age ◽

Laboratory Rearing ◽

Pupal Parasitoid ◽

Percent Parasitism ◽

Bactrocera Zonata

The parasitism, emergence and development of pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) was assessed against the pupae of the fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), under laboratory conditions. The fruit fly and D. giffardii were reared in glass cages on the artificial diet, and a known number of different 1-hour (fresh), 1-day, 2-day, 3-day and 4-day old pupae were offered to the respective parasitoids for a period of 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. It was noted that the parasitism was increased gradually with an increase in pupal age and exposure time. The highest parasitism occurred on 3-day old pupae followed by 4-day, 2-day, 1-day and 1 hour (fresh) old pupae. The studies also manifested that exposure time and host age have a significant effect on the oviposition, per female parasitism, percent parasitism, emergence and development of pupal parasitoid, D. giffardii. The average developmental time of parasitoid was recorded significantly longer in 1-hour (fresh) old pupae than in the older pupae. The study revealed that D. giffardii is a virtuous candidate for the biological control of B. zonata and the pupae of B. zonata might be the perfect host for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.

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Identity and biology of Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), recently introduced to Egypt for biological control of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The Entomologist s monthly magazine ◽

10.31184/m00138908.1551.3958 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 155 (1) ◽

pp. 17-37

Author(s):

Ahmed H. El-Heneidy ◽

Marwa E. Hosni ◽

Mohsen M. Ramadan

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Control Agent ◽

Bactrocera Zonata ◽

Baseline Information ◽

Relative Potential ◽

Distinguishing Features ◽

North Sinai

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders, 1841), (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious polyphagous pest of tropical and subtropical fruits. In Egypt, the fly was first detected in 1997 and has since become widespread over most of the Egyptian provinces, causing serious damage to many fruit crops, particularly mango, guava, peach, apricot and citrus. In 2008, the larval-pupal koinobiont endoparasitoid, Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae, Eucoilinae) was introduced to Egypt via Hawaii for evaluation. The parasitoid is a dominant natural enemy of several Bactrocera species from Southeast Asia, the native region of B. zonata. To evaluate the potential of A. daci for biocontrol of B. zonata, this study investigated distinguishing features of A. daci in different stages, developmental periods, reproductive output, and optimal rearing protocols under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 1°C, 54 – 65% RH, and 14L:10D photoperiod, using B. zonata as hosts. The parasitoid Aganaspis daci went through four instars and developed into the ectoparasitic phase late in the third instar, as the larva developed one pair of functional thoracic spiracles. Total developmental period averaged 23.3 days, and males eclosed two days earlier than females. Realized fecundity of mated females averaged 39.6 offspring per female (range 32 – 55) and progeny sex ratio was 1:1. Longevity of honey fed females and males averaged 18.8 and 17.3 days, respectively. A. daci showed relative potential as a biological control agent against B. zonata in Egypt and was propagated for several generations before it was approved for release in 2009. Field recovery was reported one month following its liberation in guava orchard at Al-Arish district, North Sinai Province, with 1.6 – 8% initial rate of parasitism. Further studies, on its adaptation to the new Egyptian environment and efficacy against B. zonata under field conditions are in progress. This study provides important baseline information on the morphological and biological attributes of A. daci and the rearing method provides a basis for the development of a mass rearing protocol for augmentative parasitoid releases.

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Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupae and Nematode Compatibility with Chemical Insecticides

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa301 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maguintontz Cedney Jean-Baptiste ◽

Andressa Lima de Brida ◽

Daniel Bernardi ◽

Sérgio da Costa Dias ◽

Juliano de Bastos Pazini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Class 1 ◽

Pupal Mortality

Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main pests of fruit crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) may be an alternative to suppress populations of this pest. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of six EPN isolates (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47, and S. brazilense IBCB-n06) against C. capitata pupae. The compatibility of EPNs with different chemical insecticides that are registered for management of C. capitata was also assessed. Isolates of H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06 at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/ml proved to be most pathogenic to C. capitata (70 and 80% mortality, respectively). In contrast, the isolates H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47 provided pupal mortality of less than 60%. Bioassays to determine lethal concentrations indicated that concentrations of 600 IJ/ml (H. bacteriophora HB) and 1,000 IJ/ml (S. brazilense IBCB-n06) showed the highest virulence against C. capitata pupae. In contrast, the highest numbers of IJs emerged at concentrations of 1,200 and 200 IJ/ml. In compatibility bioassays, malathion, spinetoram, phosmet, acetamiprid, and novaluron were considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06, according to IOBC/WPRS. This information is important for implementing integrated management programs for C. capitata, using biological control with EPNs, whether alone or in combination with chemical insecticides.

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Biological Control of a Phytosanitary Pest (Thaumatotibia leucotreta): A Case Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18031198 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1198

Author(s):

Sean D. Moore

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Microbial Control ◽

Codling Moth ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

The European Union ◽

Thaumatotibia Leucotreta ◽

Sub Saharan

Thaumatotibia leucotreta, known as the false codling moth, is a pest of citrus and other crops in sub-Saharan Africa. As it is endemic to this region and as South Africa exports most of its citrus around the world, T. leucotreta has phytosanitary status for most markets. This means that there is zero tolerance for any infestation with live larvae in the market. Consequently, control measures prior to exporting must be exemplary. Certain markets require a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment for T. leucotreta. However, the European Union accepts a systems approach, consisting of three measures and numerous components within these measures. Although effective preharvest control measures are important under all circumstances, they are most critical where a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment is not applied, such as within a systems approach. Conventional wisdom may lead a belief that effective chemical control tools are imperative to achieve this end. However, we demonstrate that it is possible to effectively control T. leucotreta to a level acceptable for a phytosanitary market, using only biological control tools. This includes parasitoids, predators, microbial control, semiochemicals, and sterile insects. Simultaneously, on-farm and environmental safety is improved and compliance with the increasing stringency of chemical residue requirements imposed by markets is achieved.

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