Evaluasi Beban Kerja Pekerja Divisi Quality Control PT. X dengan Metode Work Sampling

This study aimed to determine the workload of the workers to be used for incentive plan in the Quality Control Division, Company X. Studying work characteristics, a work sampling technique was used. Two workers from this QC division were participated in the study. A number of 440 observation were taken from each Worker 1 and Worker 2. Results showed that the percentages of productive time are 93.62% for Worker 1 and 91.81% for Worker 2. Meanwhile for workload resulted 151% and 138% for Worker 1 and Worker 2 (classified as overload for both workers). This study recommended the company to add one more worker to help in this workstation to reduce the workload of these two workers

Halal Certification Value Chain in Brunei Darussalam

As Brunei Darussalam is positioning itself to be a halal hub, Brunei needs to act fast to strengthen its halal certification value-chain or system. Therefore, the Brunei Government appointed Bahagian Kawalan Makanan Halal (Halal Food Control Division), Jabatan Hal Ehwal Syariah (Department of Shariah Affairs), as a body to handle the halal certification process. Due to the rapid growth of the halal industry both local and international, it is important to research the halal certification process. The main objective of this study is to provide an understanding of the halal certification process in Brunei Darussalam. The study will highlight and determine to examine (1) the halal certification process, (2) actors, and (3) information on halal. The method used in this study is derived from the literature review in the form of related articles, journals, proceedings and books, and interviews with related actors of the halal certification. The results of the study will reveal (1) the halal certification value chain, (2) the related agencies and acts of the halal certification process, and (3) the information required in applying halal certification in Brunei Darussalam.

Factors Influencing Leprosy Incidence: A Comprehensive Analysis of Observations in Wenshan of China, Nepal, and Other Global Epidemic Areas

Leprosy remains endemic in some regions and is a global health concern. However, the possible causes and risk factors of the disease remain unclear. Data in Wenshan, China were collected from the Wenshan Institute of Dermatology (1986–2015); data in Nepal were obtained from the Leprosy Control Division, Department of Health Services, Nepal (2011 to 2015); and data from Indonesia, India, and Brazil were collected from WHO records. We assessed the epidemiological trends of leprosy in Wenshan and compared the features of possible causes and risk factors with those of other countries. We then performed a descriptive and statistical analysis to make our study more purposeful and definitive. A total of 3,376 cases were detected in Wenshan from 1986 to 2015. The overall prevalence rate (PR) of leprosy presented a decreasing trend with a peak (4.9/10,000 population) in 1986. The detection of new leprosy cases was higher in males than in females. Visible deformity increased every year since 2005 with a disability of 34.8% in 2015 among new cases. In Nepal, 2,461 leprosy patients received multi-drug therapy (MDT) in 2015 which corresponded to the PR of 0.89/10,000 population. Geographic latitude and socio-economic situations appeared to be the main causes of leprosy, and the healthcare condition was an important factor associated with leprosy incidence. The introduction of MDT effectively reduced leprosy prevalence worldwide. Wenshan (China), Nepal, and other countries share similarities in various aspects with respect to socio-cultural features, geographical distribution, environmental factors, and economic situation, which may contribute to leprosy being endemic in these areas.

Epidemiology of dengue virus infections in Nepal, 2006–2019

Background Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the years. The main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its first outbreak (2006) to 2019 in Nepal. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis that covers the last 14 years (2006–2019) of reported dengue cases from Epidemiology Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. Reported cases were plotted over time and maps of reported case incidence were generated (from 2016 through 2019). An ecological analysis of environmental predictors of case incidence was conducted using negative binomial regression. Results While endemic dengue has been reported in Nepal since 2006, the case load has increased over time and in 2019 a total of 17 992 dengue cases were reported from 68 districts (from all seven provinces). Compared to the case incidence in 2016, incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–15.3] and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; 95% CI 45.8–438.4). A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; 95% CI 0.01–0.20). However, the association between elevation and reported cases varied across the years. In 2018 there was a cluster of cases reported from high elevation Kaski District of Gandaki Province. Our results suggest that dengue infections are increasing in magnitude and expanding out of the lowland areas to higher elevations over time. Conclusions There is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the lowland Terai region, with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics.

Epidemiology of dengue virus infections in Nepal, 2006–2019

Background: Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the years. The main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its first outbreak (2006) to 2019 in Nepal.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis that covers the last 14 years (2006–2019) of reported dengue cases from Epidemiology Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. Reported cases were plotted over time and maps of reported case incidence were generated (from 2016 through 2019). An ecological analysis of environmental predictors of case incidence was conducted using negative binomial regression.Results: While endemic dengue has been reported in Nepal since 2006, the case load has increased over time and in 2019 a total of 17 992 dengue cases were reported from 68 districts (from all seven provinces). Compared to the case incidence in 2016, incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5 – 15.3] and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; 95% CI: 45.8 – 438.4). A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.20). However, the association between elevation and reported cases varied across the years. In 2018 there was a cluster of cases reported from high elevation Kaski District of Gandaki Province. Our results suggest that dengue infections are increasing in magnitude and expanding out of the lowland areas to higher elevations over time.Conclusions: There is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the lowland Terai region, with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics.

Architect of the European Payments Union

In 1946, Robert Triffin went on to the International Monetary Fund, where he became head of the Exchange Control Division, before moving to Paris to lead the International Monetary Fund’s Representative Office in Europe. Thereafter, he was a special adviser to the (US) Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris. During these years, his focal point of interest was the European Payments Union (EPU). In his analysis of postwar Europe, Triffin emphasized that several structural factors, especially the low level of gold and dollar reserves and weak industrial capacity, impeded the successful operation of market forces. He favored a pragmatic regional approach with the EPU, giving priority to the abolition of bilateral trade and payment restrictions. Triffin played a key role in the EPU negotiations, especially with his proposal for the EPU unit of account.

The Relation between Individual Characteristics and Job Stress in PT. PAL Indonesia

Introduction: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Division workers are challenged by various mental and physical pressures that might trigger job stress. Many factors contribute to job stress, one of them is the individual factor. This study’s purpose was to examine and analyze whether or not there was a relation between the individual characteristic factors and job stress at PT. PAL Indonesia (Quality Assurance and Quality Control Division). Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. This research had a population of 49 people. The sample was counted using a simple random sampling method and 44 people were obtained as samples. This study’s independent variables were individual characteristics (working period, age, sex, and marital status) and job stress as the dependent variable. Data collection methods for this study were interviews with a questionnaire guide. The data analysis technique used was Fisher's Exact. Results: The result of Fisher Exact statistical test showed that there was not any relation between working period and job stress (p = 0.170), age and job stress (p = 0.456), gender and job stress (p = 0.290), marital status and job stress (p = 1,000). Conclusion: It can be concluded that individual characteristics has no significant relationship with job stress on employees of the Quality Assurance and Quality Control division of PT. PAL Indonesia (Persero). Keywords: individual characteristics, job stress, quality assurance and quality control division

A LEADERSHIP FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN BUREAUCRATS AS A LEADER IN A DENGUE FEVER DISEASE CONTROL IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH OF BEKASI CITY, WEST JAVA PROVINCE INDONESIA

The era of democracy has opened opportunities for women to have and build a career in various fields including in bureaucracy environment of civil apparatus. This research focuses on analyzing the role of leadership functions of women bureaucrats as a leader in dengue fever disease control in the Department of Health of Bekasi City in 2015-2016. Leadership theories are used to analyze the themes. During the period, dengue fever (DBD) disease is a disease with extraordinary status in Bekasi City; thus, it requires particular attention on its control from the municipal government of Bekasi City. The Department of Health of Bekasi City assigns dr. Pusporini as a person in charge to handle the DBD disease issue in the city. dr. Pusporini, as a bureaucrat, is a physician on duty in the department. She is the head of infectious disease control division. As a woman, it is not an easy task to be a leader with considerable responsibilities.

Effect of Extended Transit and Temperature Variations on EID50 Values of Thermostable NDVI-2 Vaccines

Temperature alterations due to poor cold keeping condition have consistently posed a challenge to vaccines dose EID50 titre value. The sensitivity of Newcastle disease vaccine to temperature variations due to poor cold storage condition in rural settings, led to the development of the NDVI-2 thermostable vaccine, which is known to exhibit a thermostability of 3 hours at 56 °C. In this study, three Newcastle disease vaccines (NDVI-2) with EID50 titre per dose values of log10 EID50 7.7, 7.6 and 6.75 respectively from vaccine production facility at the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom Nigeria, were sent for certification at African Union laboratory at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia under cold condition; using ice packs for cold chain maintenance. Tracking of the vaccine in the course of freight to the certifying laboratory revealed changes in the original transit route by the airline and delay by custom at the receiving country port. Thus, a 12 hours transit freight was delayed for over 7 days before arrival at the certifying laboratory. Though, the EID50 titre per dose values of these vaccines were originally well above recommended EID50 5.5 per dose value by log 2.2, log 2.1 and log 1.25 for NDVI-2 respectively. Comparing these vaccines EID50 values obtained from the certifying laboratory in relation to values initially obtained by the Quality Control Division of the producing Institute (NVRI), revealed loss of EID50 titre per dose value by log101.2, and log10 0.8 among two of the certified vaccine batches; with one of the certified vaccines retaining its original EID50 titre per dose value. This result attest that NDVI-2 thermostable vaccine produced at NVRI, Vom Nigeria are robust and of high quality. Thus, the findings of this study have further demonstrated that temperature variations, prolonged vaccine transportation under poor cold chain can affect the EID50 per dose value of a wholesome, field fit vaccine irrespective of the vaccine thermostability.

Harris County Public Health Mosquito and Vector Control Division Emergency Response to Hurricane Harvey: Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance and Control

ABSTRACT Hurricane Harvey made a landfall on the Texas Gulf Coast on August 25, 2017, stalling over Harris County as a tropical storm for 4 days (August 26–29), dumping approximately 127 cm of rain. This tremendous amount of rainfall overwhelmed the county's natural and man-made drainage systems, resulting in unprecedented widespread flooding. Immediately following, Harris County Public Health Mosquito and Vector Control Division conducted a countywide emergency vector control response by integrating surveillance, control, and education strategies. This included landing rate counts, mosquito and avian surveillance, arbovirus testing, ground-based ultra-low volume (ULV) and aerial pesticide spraying, and community outreach. The immediate response lasted for 4 wk through September, resulting in 774 landing rates, 49,342 ha treated by ground-based ULV, 242,811 ha treated by aerial ULV, 83,241 mosquitoes collected, 1,807 mosquito pools tested, and 20 education/outreach sessions. Recovery activities of 3 additional education/outreach events continued through October while surveillance and control activities returned to routine status.