Review of Cash Flow Statement of Selected Companies of Steel Industry (Tata Steel and Sail)

The main objective of this study is to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents of the industry. The researcher has selected two companies on the basis of the judgemental sampling method and the researcher has used for the data analysis like mean, trend analysis, and pair “t” test. The researcher has found out the review of the cash flow statement of TATA Steel and SAIL shows the cash inflow and cashes outflow of both the companies, which represents similar solvency and liquidity of both the companies. Thus, investors can invest in both companies because both companies have a sound cash position. So, it should be easy to identify the best investment option for investors. The cash flow statements of the selected two industries of steel sectors have been analysed using different parameters. The selected steel industries are TATA Steel and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). The comparative evaluation of the cash flow statement describes the various variables of cash inflows and outflows of cash of both the industries and the similarity in inflows and outflows of cash. There are 12 variables that were very similar and the data of both the industries were available for the study period. From the analysis, it is concluded that both industries have more similarities in the cash inflow and cash outflow of cash flow statement.

Rainfall Recovery in North-East Arid Zone of Nigeria: Comparative Analysis of Drought and Post Drought Decades

This study used annual rainfall records from three stations within the North East Arid Zone of Nigeria for the period (1957-2017) to measure the extent of the rainfall recovery by comparing the drought decades and post drought decades rainfall patterns. Monthly rainfall records from Potiskum, Maiduguri and Nguru Stations were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were employed in analysing the data. The findings of the study revealed a significant year-to-year variability in rainfall characteristics around 61 years (1957-2017) averages. The variability was large in 1970s up till 1990s, and lower in 1960s and from 2000 to 2018. Decreasing trend in annual rainfall amount was observed during the study period while a stability in onset and cessation dates were observed. The differences between 1957-1986 and 1987-2017 climatic season were found to be statistically insignificant. The study concluded that the reported rainfall recovery from drought is statistically insignificant and the observed long term mean trend revealed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the theory of Sahel rainfall recovery can be better termed as a ‘’break of the series of drought or decline in frequency and magnitude of occurrence of drought’’ The research recommended the continuations with the drought adaptation and mitigation strategies adopted by local population, decisions makers and organizations following the series Sahelian droughts of 1970s and 1980s.

The Effect of Core Vocabulary Extension Program for Children with Inconsistent SSD

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Core Vocabulary Extension Program for establishing speech sound consistency on speech inconsistency and accuracy of children with inconsistent SSD.Methods: Four children with inconsistent SSD aged 3-5 years who exhibited speech sound inconsistency, phonological error patterns, and articulation problems at the same time participated in this study. The program of this study used a core vocabulary approach and a multi-sensory approach, and parental support was provided at the same time. The experimental design used a multiple probe baseline design, with 3-5 baseline evaluations, 10 treatment evaluations, and 3 maintenance evaluations were performed. Data analysis of dependent variables, mean, trend line slope, standard deviation, immediate effect of treatment, and ratio of non-overlapping data (PND) were analyzed.Results: As a result of the study, inconsistency was reduced and articulation ability was improved. Speech inconsistency improvement was effective in all four participating children, but accuracy improvement was only effective in three children.Conclusion: This study is significant in that it confirmed the therapeutic effect of the Core Vocabulary Extension Program which integrated a multisensory approach and parent coaching based on a core vocabulary approach on speech sound inconsistency and accuracy of children with severe speech sound disorder accompanied by intellectual problems and language disorders. In the future, it is necessary to apply a phonological approach to remove the remaining phonological error patterns after speech consistency is established and to confirm the effectiveness of the phonological approach

Validation of Cognitive-based Mindfulness Program to Reduce Suicidal Ideation in Individuals with Depression

Suicide is a global epidemic phenomenon that is the third most common cause of death in the world. However, not many studies have focused on developing an intervention that specifically targets symptoms of suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation is seen as part of a depressed condition. The purpose of this study was to validate a cognitive-based mindfulness program to reduce suicidal ideation in people with depression. The study was conducted through internal validity tests using expert judgment and external validity tests using the small-n AB design method, which involved three participants (n = 3). The visual inspection analysis was performed on the mean, trend, and level. Analysis of repeated measurements showed a decrease in suicidal ideation in all participants. This program has the potential to be developed as a companion to conventional interventions and can be an alternate activity to fill the waiting time for individuals to get the main intervention.

Insights into a dextral transtensional shear zone in NW Anatolia, Turkey: Preliminary results from the three dimensional strain and kinematic analyses of the Marmara Granitoid.

<p>Marmara Granitoid (MG) is an E-W trending sill-like magmatic body exposed in the center of the Marmara Island, NW Anatolia, Turkey. MG is lower Eocene in age and was concordantly emplaced into metamorphic basement rocks of Saraylar Marble and Erdek Complex. It is represented by a deformed granodiorite which widely displays protomylonitic-mylonitic textures with prominent foliation and lineation. Foliation planes display a mean dip direction-angle of 335/29 and mineral stretching lineations show mean trend-plunge of 286/34. Mica-fishes, rotated porphyroclasts and micro-faults are commonly observed and serve as shear gauges pointing out to a dextral movement. Mineral deformation thermometers such as myrmekite development, chessboard extinction, grain boundary migration (GBM), sub-grain rotation recrystallization (SGR), and bulging recrystallization (BLG) in quartz crystals indicate that solid-state deformation of the MG has experienced a high-temperature ductile deformation and superimposed ductile to brittle deformation.</p><p>Three-dimensional strain ellipsoid measurements are investigated on the MG in order to determine the relative amounts of pure shear and simple shear deformation and the mean kinematic vorticity number (W<sub>m</sub>). The image processing of quartz grains is used as strain markers to obtain the three-dimensional best-fit ellipsoids. The results show that, Lode’s ratio (ν) of the samples change between -0.010 and -0.650 and Flinn’s k-values range from 1.026 to 11.157 indicating to a general constrictional (prolate) deformation. The calculated kinematic vorticity numbers change between 0.429 and 0.958 which show that shear deformation of MG is mostly dominated by simple shear. All of these micro and meso structural properties and three-dimensional strain and kinematic analyses collectively suggest that MG has experienced a dextral transtensional deformation.</p>

Precipitable water vapor from GPS tropospheric path delays over the Eastern Mediterranean: trends, diurnal and long-term variability

<p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tropospheric path delays provide an important tool for studying Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) variations. Here, we process and analyze PWV time series extracted from the Survey Of Israel Active Permanent Network (SOI-APN) GNSS ground receivers in the Eastern Mediterranean region. We derive the annual and seasonal PWV diurnal cycles along with the PWV long-term trends, annual and inter-annual variations. The data period spans from 5 to 21 years, ensuring its suitability for studying the PWV variations at different time scales. For the diurnal cycles, we focus on the summer months (JJA), where the Mediterranean Sea Breeze (MSB) plays a dominant role in transporting humidity inland. We find that for most stations, the diurnal amplitude in summer is the highest compared to the seasonal mean. Moreover, using the PWV peak hour in the coastal and highland stations, we detect a frontal MSB propagation from the coastline eastward inland combined with northern winds enhancement due to the Coriolis force. The peak hour is also correlated with the distance from the Mediterranean Sea shore, substantiating the MSB’s role as a key driver of the PWV diurnal variability during summer months. In addition, a strong correlation between the PWV diurnal cycle and the atmospheric Mixing Layer Height (MLH) diurnal variations is found using ceilometer data, suggesting that the MLH modulates the PWV. For the annual cycles, the PWV monthly mean values and variability are high in the summer months (JJA) however, Sep and Oct supersede the JJA values where Oct has the highest variability in all stations. We suggest that the Red-Sea Trough (RST) synoptical system plays a dominant factor in shifting the mean PWV annual peak values from the summer months to Oct. This is  further substantiated by harmonic analysis which reveals a non-negligible semi-annual mode with peaks at Apr and Oct when the RST synoptical system is most frequent. The PWV inter-annual variations as represented by the monthly mean anomalies are consistent between all stations, thus suggesting a common regional driver. Moreover, a comparison between the PWV station average anomalies and the ERA5 (the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' latest global reanalysis) regional mean anomalies show a correlation of 0.95. Furthermore, a correlation of 0.72 was found between the regional mean moisture flux anomalies at 750 hPa taken from ERA5 and the station average PWV anomalies, implying that moisture flow accounts for most of the inter-annual variability, however the significance of the 750 hPa pressure level remains ambiguous. In the long term, we find an increasing regional mean trend of ~ 0.5 mm/decade for the whole data period (1998-2019) whereas for the last decade (2010-2019) we find a mean trend of ~ 1 mm/decade suggesting an accelerated moistening of the Eastern Mediterranean region. </p>

Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: results from global burden of disease study 2017

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the global leading causes of concern due to the rising prevalence and consequence of mortality and disability with a heavy economic burden. The objective of the current study was to analyze the trend in CVD incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) across the world over 28 years. Methods The age-standardized CVD mortality and incidence rates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017 for both genders and different world super regions with available data every year during the period 1990–2017. Additionally, the Human Development Index was sourced from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) database for all countries at the same time interval. The marginal modeling approach was implemented to evaluate the mean trend of CVD incidence, mortality, and MIR for 195 countries and separately for developing and developed countries and also clarify the relationship between the indices and Human Development Index (HDI) from 1990 to 2017. Results The obtained estimates identified that the global mean trend of CVD incidence had an ascending trend until 1996 followed by a descending trend after this year. Nearly all of the countries experienced a significant declining mortality trend from 1990 to 2017. Likewise, the global mean MIR rate had a significant trivial decrement trend with a gentle slope of 0.004 over the time interval. As such, the reduction in incidence and mortality rates for developed countries was significantly faster than developing counterparts in the period 1990–2017 (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the developing nations had a more rather shallow decrease in MIR compared to developed ones. Conclusions Generally, the findings of this study revealed that there was an overall downward trend in CVD incidence and mortality rates, while the survival rate of CVD patients was rather stable. These results send a satisfactory message that global effort for controlling the CVD burden was quite successful. Nonetheless, there is an urgent need for more efforts to improve the survival rate of patients and lower the burden of this disease in some areas with an increasing trend of either incidence or mortality.

Ten-year survival trends of neovascular age-related macular degeneration at first presentation

BackgroundTo describe 10-year trends in visual outcomes, anatomical outcomes and treatment burden of patients receiving antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).MethodsRetrospective cohort study of treatment-naïve, first-affected eyes with nAMD started on ranibizumab before January 1, 2009. The primary outcome was time to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) falling ≤35 ETDRS letters after initiating anti-VEGF therapy. Secondary outcomes included time to BCVA reaching ≥70 letters, proportion of eyes with BCVA ≥70 and ≤35 letters in 10 years, mean trend of BCVA and central retinal thickness over 10 years, and mean number of injections.ResultsFor our cohort of 103 patients, Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated median time to BCVA reaching ≤35 and ≥70 letters were 37.8 (95% CI 22.2 to 65.1) and 8.3 (95% CI 4.8 to 20.9) months after commencing anti-VEGF therapy, respectively. At the final follow-up, BCVA was ≤35 letters and ≥70 letters in 41.1% and 21%, respectively, in first-affected eyes, while this was the case for 5.4% and 48.2%, respectively, in a patient’s better-seeing eye. Mean injection number was 37.0±24.2 per eye and 53.6±30.1 at patient level (63.1% of patients required injections in both eyes).ConclusionsThe chronicity of nAMD disease and its management highlights the importance of long-term visual prognosis. Our analyses suggest that one in five patients will retain good vision (BCVA ≥70 ETDRS letters) in the first-affected eye at 10 years after starting anti-VEGF treatment; yet, one in two patients will have good vision in their better-seeing eye. Moreover, our data suggest that early treatment of nAMD is associated with better visual outcomes.

Phenological changes in Europe are still attributable to climate change induced warming

&lt;p&gt;During 1971-2000 phenological responses of wild species in spring and summer matched the warming pattern in Europe, whereas timing of farming activities as well as autumnal leaf colouring did not mirror climate change to the same extent (Menzel et al. GCB 2006). These findings were a backbone of the corresponding global attribution study of the IPCC AR4 (Rosenzweig et al. 2007, 2008). Two decades of warming later, however, new phenological findings suggest that especially a lack of chilling and / or increasing influence of photoperiod may have lowered the phenological temperature response and that adaptation in agricultural management is taking place. We therefore updated the GCB 2006 study by asking three questions: What drives the inherent variation of trends? Can we now detect a warming signal in &amp;#8220;false&amp;#8221; agricultural (i.e. those being directly or indirectly determined by farmers&amp;#8217; management) and autumn phases? Is there still an attributable warming signal in phenology?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The complete phenological dataset of Germany, Austria and Switzerland (1951-2018, ~97.000 times series, corresponding to 96.3% of PEP725 data) was analysed. We determined linear trends, studied their variation by plant traits / phenogroups, across season and time, and followed IPCC methodology for attributing phenological changes to warming patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For spring and summer phases of wild plants we found more (significantly) advancing trends (~90% and ~60% sign.) which were stronger in early spring, at higher elevations, but smaller for non-woody insect-pollinated species. Although mean trend strength decreased, changes in spring were strongly attributable to warming in spring and winter. We had similar but less strong findings for agricultural crops in these seasons. In contrast only ~75% of phenological phases set by farmers&amp;#8217; decisions were advancing, however this was the only phenological group for which the mean advance increased, indicating adaptation. Equally trends in farming phases in spring and summer were attributable to warming in winter and summer, respectively. Leaf coloring and fall was now predominantly delayed (57%) which was attributable to winter and spring warming, too.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus, this update of the GCB2006 study demonstrates that there is still a significant and attributable phenological change pattern in Europe, in which number of (significant) trends pointing into the direction of warming increased, but mean trend strength mostly decreased, probably due to a lack of chilling and smaller forcing trends. More attention should be paid to the inherent variability of trends with traits / species groups, season and time triggering divers (e.g. ecological) consequences of these phenological shifts. Still existing differences between the generative period of crops and wild species as well as between the farming season and the general growing season call for more research in this area.&lt;/p&gt;