Capitalism and the media: moral, economy, well-Being and capabilities

This article aims to contribute to the renewal of the way media and culture are viewed under capitalism, by seeking solid normative foundations for critique via various compatible elements: moral economy, well-being understood as flourishing, Sen and Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, and culture value. Normative and conceptual issues concerning capitalism, media, and culture have received insufficient attention and moral economy approaches might help fill this gap with a rich and critical ethics-based approach to economy and society, compatible with the best political economy. The article outlines the approach of the capabilities, analyses its rare applications to media and culture, and explains how these applications might be constructed, by developing Nussbaum’s work in a way that contributes to people’s flourishing by grounding critique in an understanding of the potential value of media and culture’.

Mafic microgranular enclaves formed by gas-driven filter pressing during rapid cooling: An example from the Gangdese Batholith in southern Tibet

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), widespread in intermediate to felsic arc plutons, carry significant information on the genesis and evolution of arc magmas, yet their origin remains debatable. Here, we examine MME-host diorite pairs from the ca. 200 Ma Cuijiu Igneous Complex in the eastern Gangdese Batholith, southern Tibet, to constrain the petrogenesis of MMEs and the evolution of arc magmas. Within the complex, MMEs are essentially similar to their host diorites with similar emplacement ages (∼200 Ma), mineral assemblages and mineral compositions, as well as whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf and zircon Hf isotopic compositions. However, MMEs have higher modal contents of hornblende and biotite, and are enriched in compatible elements and depleted in incompatible elements. Zircons from some MME samples are characterized by dark-CL cores overgrown by light-CL rims of varying thickness. The dark-CL cores show higher Th, U, and rare earth elements (REE) abundances than the light-CL rims. Based on comparison with co-genetic mafic melts and mass-balance calculations, we propose that the MMEs were early-crystallized cumulates (autoliths) related to their host diorites. The chilled textures, flow microstructures and pillow shapes suggest that the MMEs experienced rapid cooling before being captured by the host magmas. The rapid cooling may result from contact between ascending diorite magmas and cooler wall rocks. As the magmas quickly crystallized, they reached second boiling and vesiculation, and separated into fine-grained crystal-rich margins and melt-rich centers. Gradients in crystallinity and pressure expelled interstitial melts from the crystal-rich margins to the crystal-poor centers, leading to crystal-liquid separation (gas-driven filter pressing). The dark-CL zircon cores with high Th and U abundances may crystallize from highly evolved interstitial melts within the crystal-rich margins. The fine-grained crystal-rich margins were subsequently captured and dragged as MMEs before their complete crystallization by later ascending host magmas. This differentiation process could have occurred over several kilometers of magma ascent, and have played an important role in the polybaric fractional crystallization of the Cuijiu Igneous Complex, feeding more differentiated andesitic magmas to upper crustal mushes.

Minimization of the automatic machine structure process of accounting and control of railway automation and telemechanics devices

The article explores the features of electronic document management of technical documentation of railway automation and telemechanics. A block diagram of an automaton model of technical documentation is developed. The proposed block diagram of a formalized model of technical documentation consists of matrices of external microoperations, internal microoperations, code creation for the following microcomponents. The number of internal states of the firmware is completely determined by the number of logic elements of the algorithms. The size of the matrices depends on the number of operators and logical conditions in the logic circuits of the algorithms. In this paper, a non-maximal group of compatible elements of logic circuits of algorithms is used as a microcommand, which led to the simplification of the matrix of the circuit of the firmware automaton. In the considered method of forming the maximum groups of compatible elements of logic schemes of algorithms, micro operations included in each micro command are performed simultaneously in one microtact. The structure of the firmware of the machine is simplified due to the transition from simple to complex micro-ops.

Mantle Xenoliths from Ibal-Oku (Oku massif, North-west Region, Cameroon): Imprints of Superimposed Carbonatitic and Silicic Metasomatisms

Mantle xenoliths have been discovered in Ibal-Oku basalts from Oku Massif, Cameroon Volcanic Line. These xenoliths analyzed in term of major elements by scanning electron microscope, atomic emission spectrometry, traces and rare earth elements by mass spectrometry are peridotites and pyroxenites. Peridotites comprise Fe-rich lherzolites, harzburgites and wehrlites. Pyroxenites comprise websterites, olivine-websterites, clinopyroxenites and olivine-clinopyroxenites. Mineralogically, olivine Fo% values and NiO content vary from 85 to 91 and 0.26 to 0.43 wt.%, respectively. Orthopyroxene is enstatite, Mg# values and Al content ranging from 0.83 to 0.92 and 0.12 to 0.27 atom per formula unit (apfu), respectively. Clinopyroxene is augite and diopside, Mg# values and Al content ranging from 0.83 to 0.93 and 0.23 to 0.37 apfu, respectively. Spinel is aluminous, Cr# and Mg# values ranging from 0.07 to 0.23 and 0.67 to 0.82, respectively. Micas are biotites (Fe#: 0.52-0.76). Feldspars, which are secondary are sanidine, andesine and labradorite. Geochemically, peridotite Mg# values vary from 82.7 to 89.9 and pyroxenites from 80.1 to 83.6. The major element variations and some compatible elements are described in terms of partial melting (14-15 vol.% in lherzolites and 17-18 vol.% in harzburgites), whereas the heterogeneities in trace elements are related to carbonatitic/silicic metasomatism.

Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite by Self-high Propagating Temperatures Synthesis (SHS)

The use of cow bones for biomaterial is still limited; accordingly, the cow bones waste has low economic value. Basically, a human’s and a cow’s bones are the same in terms of their forming compound. Aluminum (Al) has the potential to combine with hydroxyapatite (HAp) to make metal matrix composites (MMC) that have the potential for biomaterials. Compatible elements to be combined with Al and HAp are magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), and Copper (Cu), used self-high propagating temperatures synthesis (SHS). MMC can be processed to be a useful, solid product. Applying pressure to the SHS reaction and heating process may result in biomaterial composite product consisting of some matrix materials such as Al come from cans materials used in the experiment was HAp that was processed from cow bones calcination, added by can that contained aluminum and wetting agent, namely magnesium. The exothermic temperature was 800-900°C. The compaction process was done to allow materials to be bound. Based on the ASTM F138 standard for element of biomaterials, the porosity value was below 30% and hardness level above 40 HV. Cow bones and can-based composite sample with the composition of HAp-Al-Mg: 85%-10%-5% met the standard since the hardness value was: 73.3 HV with a porosity value of 29.88%.

The origin of large zoned ignimbrites: the case of Aso caldera, Japan

<p>Silicic magmas are the most evolved, most viscous and potentially most explosive melts present on Earth. Despite their importance, the processes leading to accumulation of large amounts of silicic magma in the crust are still a matter of debate. Ignimbrite sheets of large caldera forming eruptions are interpreted to be unique snapshots of upper crustal magma reservoirs just prior to eruption and hence represent an exceptional possibility to study pre-eruptive magmatic conditions within silicic reservoirs.</p><p>The Aso System, in Central Kyushu (Japan), is an archetypical example of a multicyclic caldera-forming volcanic edifice; it was built by four catastrophic caldera forming eruptions, with the latest (Aso 4) taking place approximately 90 ka ago. The ignimbrite sheets produced during the Aso eruptions are some of the first ever described compositionally zoned pyroclastic flow deposits and are interpreted to be the result of extensive magma mixing of two compositionally distinct magmas in an upper crustal reservoir.</p><p>Here, we propose an alternative view of the Aso 4 ignimbrite sheets based on re-evaluation of whole rock data combined with mineral and glass geochemistry. The relatively scarce presence of mafic pyroxenes and plagioclases indicate recharge of hot, mafic magmas occurring shortly prior to eruption. However, the large amount of crystal-poor, felsic material in early erupted units in combination with late-erupted, crystal-rich basaltic andesite clasts, which are enriched in compatible elements and rich in compositionally highly evolved minerals, lead to the conclusion that magma mixing alone is not able to explain the complexities observed in Aso 4 deposits. Evidence for crystal accumulation in late erupted basaltic andesite clasts implies the formation of melt-rich lenses within a crystal-rich reservoir due to significant crystal-melt separation. We therefore propose an origin of the compositionally zoned Aso 4 ignimbrite largely by erupting a heterogeneous upper crustal reservoir, consisting of crystal-poor rhyodacitic melt pockets within a cumulate mush. The emptying of this heterogeneous magma storage zone was likely triggered by a recharge event from deeper in the system, initiating partial melting of previously-formed crystals (rejuvenation), mingling/ mixing, pressurization, and finally catastrophic evacuation of the eruptible portions of the subvolcanic reservoir, including parts of the cumulate mush.</p>

Amphibole-rich cumulate xenoliths in the Zhazhalong intrusive suite, Gangdese arc: Implications for the role of amphibole fractionation during magma evolution

Amphibole fractionation during the early evolution of arc magmas has been widely inferred on the basis of distinctive geochemical fingerprints of the evolved melts, although amphibole is rarely found as a major mineral phase in arc volcanic rocks, so-called cryptic amphibole fractionation. Here, we present a detailed case study of xenoliths of amphibole-rich cumulate from the Zhazhalong intrusive suite, Gangdese arc, which enables an investigation of this differentiation process using a combination of petrological observations and in situ geochemical constraints. Evidence that the xenoliths represent fragments of igneous cumulates includes: (1) the presence of an amphibole-dominated crystal framework; (2) mineral and whole-rock Fe–Mg exchange coefficients; (3) rare-earth element patterns that are similar in the amphiboles and the xenoliths; (4) the compositions of basaltic to andesitic liquids in equilibrium with amphiboles; and (5) enrichment of the xenoliths in compatible elements and depletion in incompatible elements. The amount of trapped liquid based on La, Ce, and Dy abundances varies from ~12 to ~20%. Actinolitic cores within amphibole grains likely represent reaction between olivine precursor and hydrous melt, as evidenced by their high Cr and Ni contents. Amphibole thermometry and oxybarometry calculations indicate that crystal accumulation occurred over temperatures of 857–1014 °C, at mid-crustal pressures of 312 to 692 MPa and oxygen fugacity between 0.4 and 1.9 log units above the nickel–nickel oxide buffer. Quantification of the major-element compositions of the parent liquids indicates that the Zhazhalong amphibole cumulates crystallized from basaltic to andesitic magmas, probably with a shoshonitic affinity, and with SiO2 contents of 46.4–66.4 wt%. Appropriate partition coefficients, calculated using a parameterized lattice strain model and an empirical partitioning scheme, were employed to calculate the trace-element compositions of the liquids in equilibrium with amphibole. Our results confirm that Dy/Yb and Dy/Dy* ratios, which decrease with increasing degrees of differentiation, can be used as robust signatures of amphibole fractionation. This work presents a direct snapshot of the process of amphibole fractionation and provides a natural example of the hidden amphibole “sponge” in arc crust. In particular, this study also suggests that some appinites likely represent amphibole-rich cumulates, which may help to explain the genesis of other unusual but petrologically significant rocks.

An Experimental Investigation of Interaction between Andesite and Hyperacidic Volcanic Lake Water

Alteration in magmatic-hydrothermal systems leads to distinct changes in rock texture and mineralogy, and a strong redistribution of elements between fluid and rock. Here, we experimentally interacted andesite scoria with hyperacidic, high-sulfidation style fluids from Kawah Ijen volcano (Indonesia) at 25 and 100 °C, seeking to reproduce the textures observed in natural samples from this volcano, and to understand the element fluxes that accompany alteration. The susceptibility to alteration in the experiments is Cu–Fe-sulphide > calcic plagioclase > pyroxene > titano-magnetite > sodic plagioclase, with complete preservation of glass. Silicate minerals alter to opaline silica, and gypsum, barite and a Zr-phase precipitate. The selective alteration of the phenocryst minerals results in a preferential release of compatible elements, as the glass is the main incompatible element host. The experiments reproduce the alteration textures of the natural samples, including the preservation of glass, but the predicted compatible over incompatible element enrichment in the alteration element flux is not observed in the natural setting. This suggests that alteration at Kawah Ijen is dominated by lithologies that lack abundant glass, in particular lava flows where the glass has devitrified, despite these lava flows having a lower surface area compared to scoria.

Domestication or Encapsulation? Developing Coffee Culture Among Indonesia Middle-Class Income

This article is an anthropology study on how western-style coffee culture influences Indonesian coffee culture and eventually develops a new localized coffee culture. Immense development of such worldwide coffee franchise as Starbucks affects local community's coffee culture, particularly the middle class. This new wave is considered as an alternative lifestyle for those who are consumptive and seeking for leisure, dynamics, and identity. Broader than just the process of domestication or creolization, Indonesian new coffee culture has an element of “soft countering to” western coffee culture even though it still embraces some parts of the western styles. This phenomenon is referred to by the writer as the cultural encapsulation process or the process of substantial cultural resistance by drawing a line between the two coffee cultures with the intention of taking merely compatible elements.

Open projections do not form a right residuated lattice

The lattice of open projection of a C*-algebra has a partial monoid structure on compatible elements. However, this does not extend to a total right residuated operation.