Elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage with inclusion of different proportions of silk cotton

The objective was to evaluate the qualitative and nutritional aspects of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage with increasing proportions of silk cotton. A completely randomized design was used with five (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% on natural matter basis) different inclusion proportions of silk cotton to elephant grass silage and four repetitions. Silages were prepared in PVC minisilos and remained ensiled for 42 days. The inclusion of silk cotton resulted in a linear reduction in dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) contents at 0.06, 0.30, 0.23, 0.20, and 0.09 percentage points for each 1% inclusion, respectively. There was an increasing linear effect of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), with an increase of 39.32 and 20.89% from the lowest to the highest inclusion of silk cotton to elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage. Values of pH, gas losses (GL), effluent losses (EL), dry matter recovery (DMR), hemicellulose, and lignin were not influenced by the evaluated inclusion levels, showing estimated averages of 3.87, 1, 42%, 11.55kg t-1 natural matter, 97.36%, 19.30%, and 7.20%, respectively. An increasing linear effect was found for fraction a, c, effective degradability (ED) (2% and 5%) dry matter, with an increment of 0.05, 0.0005, and 0.11 percent points, respectively. There was a quadratic effect for fraction b, potential degradability (PD), ED (2%), with minimum points of 23.72%, 50.52%, (at 45% inclusion level) 39.69%, (at 15% inclusion level) respectively. The indigestible fraction (IF) had a quadratic effect with a maximum of 49.48% at the 45% inclusion level. The colonization time (CT) linearly reduced by 0.09 percentage points for each 1% inclusion evaluated. According to the parameters evaluated, the inclusion of up to 60% silk cotton improved nutritional aspects and nutritional value of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu silage.

PSXI-11 Assessing in situ rumen degradability of late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) is an invasive weed species native to eastern Asia affecting much of the southeastern United States. Its broad leaves and viny growth allow it to outcompete native plant species for sunlight and nutrients. Kudzu, however, is a leguminous plant, making it a potential feedstock for ruminant species. Browsing ruminants in areas affected by kudzu could benefit animal productivity while serving to ameliorate rapid plant growth. This study specifically sought to assess the overall rumen degradability, rate of digestion, digestible fraction, and indigestible fraction using an in situ methodology. In situ rumen degradability was analyzed using four ruminally fistulated steers as individual experimental units over two repeated trials. Samples were incubated at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. Kudzu used in these trials was collected during September, making analysis in this study a reflection of degradability toward the end of the growing season. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measures showing no significant differences between steers or trials (P > 0.05). Overall degradability across all steers and times was 69.79%. Significant changes in dry matter disappearance across all steers were observed at 1, 12, and 24 h (P < 0.05) with values of 33.86, 64.78, and 74.26%, respectively, and highest observed degradability at 72 h (79.55%). Incubation times between 24 and 72 h were not used in determining rate of digestion as dry matter disappearances throughout these times were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Rate of digestion (kd) was determined, using linear regression, to be 1.68% ∙ h-1 along with a digestible fraction (Do) of 28.29% and indigestible fraction (U) of 22.03%. The results of this study reflect that kudzu maintains a relatively high level of rumen degradability toward seasonal senescence, making it a functional feedstock even into the cooler months.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIOCONVERSION OF POST-EXTRACTION BIOMASS AND CELL CULTURE ORTHILIA SECUNDA (L.) HOUSE WITH BASIDIOMYCETES

The possibility of bioconversion after the extraction residue of the medicinal plant Orthilia secunda (initial plant biomass and callus after extraction of biologically active substances) by fast growing strains of basidiomycetes Tv2-16K Trametes versicolor and Pe-17T Pleurotus eryngii was studied. The main target products are: a mycelial-plant product with a reduced content of the indigestible fraction and enriched in protein and full-fledged fruit bodies. Fungi colonize plant waste with a radial growth rate of 2.0–2.3 mm / day and a growth rate of 65–77 units. Phenol oxidase activity is 0.7–1.2 units/g·s, depending on the type after the extraction residue. In substrates after biodegradation, the proportion of difficult hydrolysable polysaccharides, easily hydrolysable polysaccharides, and lignin is on average 1.6 times lower than in the original substrate. The content of protein and extractive substances is significantly higher, especially after the extraction residue of O. secunda callus under the influence of the T. versicolor strain Tv2-16K: 12.8 and 24.3%, respectively, of the mass of dry substrate. Fruit bodies of P. eryngii strain Pe-17T were obtained on various compositions of plant substrates. The maximum fruit formation was noted on four-component substrates containing two types after extraction residues of O. secunda, wheat bran, birch or aspen sawdust: the average weight of fruit bodies from one block was 230–236 g; biological efficiency – 46–47.2%.

Improvement of Benin Patties and The Effects of Added Some Flour on Physicochemical Properties

The residue of peanut oil extraction in Benin entered manufacture of snack locally called kluiklui. This snack was obtained after deep frying defatted dough of crushed seeds. This paper dealt with exploration and determination of patties physichochemical characteristics linked to crunchy descriptors and induced effects of adding some flour such as banana flour and glucomannan to defatted groundnut cake. Obtained results showed that, incorporating flour at reasonable percentages 5 % (mass basis) improve crunchy quality and increase the indigestible fractions. However, recorded high value of remanant moisture 6.39 to 9.3% (dry basis) and fat 26.42 to 31.95% (dry basis), in the fried snack required further drying and improved oil cooking. The addition of flour increased the indigestible fraction in the kluiklui. Sample made with de-oiled peanut paste, glucomannan and type 3 resistant starch banana flour exhibited the highest indigestible fraction values attributed to the synergistic presence of the resistant starch, dietary fiber, protein and non-starch polysaccharides. The same sample exhibited lower fracturability and higher hardness than others. Results of the sensory quality evaluation showed that incorporation of flour into the kluiklui showed no significant differences in liking scores in terms of appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability; whereas, the texture and the color scores were significantly different than the control kluiklui. Although the use of flour does not arouse consumer’s acceptability. Flour-enriched kluiklui was significantly higher in all the sensory attributes considered. Overall, the flour-enriched kluiklui produced, was favorably and acceptable, thus showing prospects for industrial application of the flour-enriched kluiklui. In addition, the low resistance to rupture of flour-enriched kluiklui has confirmed their crispy behavior compared to those resulting from defatted pure cake. The resistance of the texture indicated that the production conditions were unfavorable for handling and transport and Overall, banana flour and glucomannan can be successfully incorporated into kluiklui to enrich its values contents.

Changes in Intestinal Microbiota and Predicted Metabolic Pathways During Colonic Fermentation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)—Based Bar Indigestible Fraction

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel and pulp are a source of dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic compounds (PCs) that constituent part of the indigestible fraction (IF). This fraction reaches the colon and acts as a carbon and energy source for intestinal microbiota. The effect of mango IF on intestinal microbiota during colonic fermentation is unknown. In this study, the isolated IF of a novel ‘Ataulfo’ mango-based bar (snack) UV-C irradiated and non-irradiated (UVMangoB and MangoB) were fermented. Colonic fermentation occurred in vitro under chemical-enzymatic, semi-anaerobic, batch culture and controlled pH colonic conditions. Changes in the structure of fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16s rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The community´s functional capabilities were determined in silico. The MangoB and UVMangoB increased the presence of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Fusicatenibacter, Holdemanella, Catenibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Buttiauxella, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Prevotella and Bacteroides genera. The alpha indexes showed a decrease in microbial diversity after 6 h of colonic fermentation. The coordinates analysis indicated any differences between irradiated and non-irradiated bar. The metabolic prediction demonstrated that MangoB and UVMangoB increase the microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathway. This study suggests that IF of mango-based bar induced beneficial changes on microbial ecology and metabolic pathway that could be promissory to prevention or treatment of metabolic dysbiosis. However, in vivo interventions are necessary to confirm the interactions between microbiota modulating and intestinal beneficial effects.

Chemical fractionation of carbohydrate and protein composition of corn silages fertilized with increasing doses of nitrogen

ABSTRACT: The use of nitrogen fertilizers in corn crops for silage can improve both production and, theoretically, nutritional quality, especially carbohydrate and protein fractions, thereby optimizing animal production. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization in carbohydrate and protein fractionation on the resulting corn silage (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen fertilization was carried out in the urea form (45-00-00) in V5 stage, at the following doses: T1: 0kg N ha-1; T2: 45kg N ha-1; T3: 90kg N ha-1; and T4: 135kg N ha-1. Crops were harvested at R4 stage and submitted to ensiling in experimental PVC silos. The chemical composition of the resulting silage was evaluated after silo opening. There was no statistical difference (P<0.05) in the average contents of gross protein (GP), as well as its C fraction, showing that increasing nitrogen doses in coverage linearly increased GP and linearly decreased its C fraction. For total carbohydrates, there was a linear decreasing behavior due to such consumption with the highest levels of nitrogen applied. Increased nitrogen fertilization dose in corn also linearly enhanced pH in the resulting silage. Therefore, nitrogen increases in coverage can alter carbohydrates and GP fractionation of corn silage, with increases in soluble fiber, GP, and pH, and reduction in the protein indigestible fraction.