Insight on the results of three different correlation analyses between satellite TIR anomalies and earthquake occurrence

<p>In order to evaluate the potentiality of the parameter “RST-based satellite TIR anomalies” in relation with earthquake (M≥4) occurrence, in recent years we performed three long-term statistical correlation analyses on different seismically active areas, such as Greece (Eleftheriou et al., 2016), Italy (Genzano et al., 2020), and Japan (Genzano et al., 2021).</p><p>With this aim, by means of the RST (Robust Satellite Techniques; Tramutoli, 1998, 2007) approach we analysed ten-year time series of satellite images collected by the SEVIRI sensor (on board the MSG platforms) over Greece (2004-2013) and Italy (2004-2014), and by the JAMI and IMAGER sensors (on board the MTSAT satellites) over Japan (2005-2015).  By applying empirical spatial-temporal rules, which are established also taking account of the physical models up to now proposed to explain seismic TIR anomaly appearances, the performed long -term correlation analyses put in relief that a non-casual relation exists between satellite TIR anomalies and the occurrence of earthquakes.</p><p>At the same time, in the carried out studies we introduced and validated refinements and improvements to the RST approach, which are able to minimize the proliferation of the false positives (i.e. TIR anomalies independent from the seismic sources, but due to other causes such as meteorological factors).    </p><p>Here, we summarize the achieved results and discuss them from the perspective of a multi-parameter system, which could improve our present knowledge on the earthquake-related processes and increase our capacity to assess the seismic hazard in the medium-short term (months to days).</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>Eleftheriou, A., C. Filizzola, N. Genzano, T. Lacava, M. Lisi, R. Paciello, N. Pergola, F. Vallianatos, and V. Tramutoli (2016), Long-Term RST Analysis of Anomalous TIR Sequences in Relation with Earthquakes Occurred in Greece in the Period 2004–2013, Pure Appl. Geophys., 173(1), 285–303, doi:10.1007/s00024-015-1116-8.</p><p>Genzano, N., C. Filizzola, M. Lisi, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli (2020), Toward the development of a multi parametric system for a short-term assessment of the seismic hazard in Italy, Ann. Geophys, 63, 5, PA550, doi:10.4401/ag-8227.</p><p>Genzano, N., C. Filizzola, K. Hattori, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli (2021), Statistical correlation analysis between thermal infrared anomalies observed from MTSATs and large earthquakes occurred in Japan (2005 - 2015), Journal of Geophysics Research – Solid Earth, doi: 10.1029/2020JB020108 (accepted).</p><p>Tramutoli, V. (1998), Robust AVHRR Techniques (RAT) for Environmental Monitoring: theory and applications, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3496, edited by E. Zilioli, pp. 101–113, doi: 10.1117/12.332714</p><p>Tramutoli, V. (2007), Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) for Natural and Environmental Hazards Monitoring and Mitigation: Theory and Applications, in 2007 International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images, pp. 1–6, IEEE. doi: 10.1109/MULTITEMP.2007.4293057</p>

The Impacts of Social Security Expenditure on Rural Residents' Medical Consumption in Hubei Province

This paper analyzes the effect ofSocial Security Expenditure issued by Hubei Province on health services for the peasantry, and provides the evidences towards the integration process regarding medical insurances of the urban and the countryside.Based on the related economical data collected from countrysides area of Hubei province from 2003-2019, this paper utilizes the outcome of Cointegration and Granger Casual Relation Test to prove the relation from social security and employment fiscal expenditures and rural households’ annual per capita net income.Then the research adds the control variables to perform the examination on robustness. The study shows that the social security expenditure has a significant impact on rural residents' medical consumption.Considering that medical insurance is an important part of social security,we should ensure the steadiness of the further improvement achieved by system of health insurance,increase government financial investment and strengthen the construction of rural basic health and medical facilities.Hubei Province should improve the level of rural medical and health security, strengthen management, improve efficiency and improve mechanisms, and deepen the reform of the medical and health system.Therefore, the economical burden of rural residents brought by seeking medical treatment will be reduced in order to narrow the difference between the urban and the countryside which will further promote the equality in medical system.

The state’s responsibility towards entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic for the measures adopted in relation to the epidemic of coronavirus

This paper briefly analyses the legislation of the state’s liability for the measures adopted in relation to the epidemic of coronavirus in the period of the state of emergency, it especially deals with the state’s liability for damage accrued upon entrepreneurs in a casual relation to the restriction of the right to engage in enterprise. The aim of the paper is to carry out a legal analysis of liability for damage according to the Crisis Act on one hand, and of liability for damage caused by the terminated measures of the state according to the Act referring to the protection of public health, on the other hand. The paper provides a practical guideline for claiming damages and draws attention to the limits of such claims.

Toward the development of a multi parametric system for a short-term assessment of the seismic hazard in Italy

With the aim to develop a multi-parametric system devote to improving our present capability to assess seismic hazard particularly in the short-medium term, the preliminary step is to identify those parameters that have demonstrated their non-casual relation with earthquake occurrences and whose anomalous variations can be associated to the complex seismic process. Since 80, fluctuations of Earth thermally emitted radiation, measured by satellite sensors in the Thermal InfraRed (TIR) spectral region, have been reported by several authors in some connection with the occurrence of earthquakes; they and can be considered as one of the possible parameters to include within a multi-parametric system. In this paper, the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) approach has been exploited to highlight Significant Sequences of TIR Anomalies (SSTAs) possibly related to seismic events happened in Italy in the period June 2004 - December 2014. In particular, we evaluated the level of correlation between occurrence of earthquakes with M≥4 and RST-based TIR anomalies using two different spatial resolutions of MSG-SEVIRI (Meteosat Second Generation -Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) images. Results of the two RST analyses show that the 82% of the identified SSTAs does not disappear when downscaled spatial resolution SEVIRI TIR records were used. For both analyses, more than 60% of SSTAs is apparently in connection with the occurrence of M≥4 earthquakes; more than the 80% of them has tendency to anticipate the occurrence of earthquakes. Although about the 40% of SSTAs is not apparently related to documented seismic activity (false positives), results of random tests (i.e. Molchan’s error diagrams) indicate a non-casual correlation between SSTAs and earthquake occurrences. These results confirm that the parameter “RST-based satellite TIR anomalies” is one of the possible candidates to be included in a multi-parametric system for time-Dependent Assessment of Seismic Hazard (t-DASH).

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK DAN BRAND IMAGE TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN (Studi Empiris Pada Konsumen Wardah di Gerai Pusat Grosir Cililitan)

The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of product,brand image partial and simultaneous to the customer loyalty of product cosmetik Wardah. The data collected using the Rao pubra formula invloing 100 respondents which is Wardah cosmetik customers. Metodology this research is casual relation with test validity, reability tets, classic assumption test, correlation test, multipe linear regression test, t-test, F-test, and determinants. Base on result of reseach partial know that product quality (X1) influence on custemers loyality Wardah cosmetik, brand image (X2) not influence on custemer loyalty Wardah cosmetik. The qualty of product of the simultaneous effect on custumer loylity. The better the Product Quality, the Customer Loyalty will increase and the worse the Product Quality, the Customer Loyalty will decrease. The better the Brand Image the Customer Loyalty is increasing and the worse the Brand Image the customer loyalty will decrease.

Satellite thermal monitoring of Balkan region by means of Robust Satellite Techniques: the case of Albania (26 November 2019, Mw 6.4) earthquake

<p>Since 2001, Robust Satellite Techniques (RST; Tramutoli 1998, 2007) has been used to study - by analyzing long-term TIR observations provided by passive satellite sensors - the enhancement of the Earth thermally emitted radiation, possibly related to seismic activities.</p><p>Such an approach has demonstrated to be able (especially when applied to geostationary satellite radiances) to isolate TIR anomalies possibly related to earthquake occurrence from those expected as a consequence of others natural (e.g. meteorological) or observational (e.g. measurement time and/or place) sources. Among the others TIR anomalies, those more significant (in term of Signal/Noise ratio), extended (in space) and persistent (in time) have been considered (SSTAs, Significant Sequence of TIR Anomalies, Eleftheriou et al., 2016) for further analyses. Up to now, long-term statistical correlation analyses between seismic events and RST-based SSTAs carried out in different European seismic regions (i.e. Greece, Italy and Turkey by using MSG-SEVIRI) highlights that the 75% of SSTAs are in apparent space-time relation with earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4. In all testing regions/periods a non-casual relation has been found.</p><p>In this paper, we will show the results achieved by real-time thermal monitoring over Albania region at time of the strong earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.4 occurred on 26 November 2019. Moreover, we will discuss about the impact of the use of the "RST-based satellite TIR anomalies" parameter in the framework a multi-parametric system devote to the seismic hazard assessment in the short-term.</p>

EXPERT STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATION FOR ARRANGEMENT OF WORK AT WORKING AREA

Coal mining at working areas of coal mines is a complex and multifaceted process causing a wide range of hazards for employees. Arrangement of work at working area is determined by many acts of legislation and regulatory acts in labour safety. The circumstances are likely to cause safety rules violation resulting in incident (emergency, safety incident). The study of such situations requires a forensic expert to be familiar with the proper methodological base of mining and engineering expert study. Aim of the paper: to develop a model of casual relation determining between safety incident occurrence and persons, whose action (inaction) resulted in incident preconditions during the technological process at working area. For reliable results obtaining the following methods were applied: analysis of acts of legislation and regulatory acts in labour safety, as well as engineering and logical analysis. Practical paper results consist in determining a group of persons, whose action (inaction) resulted in incident preconditions during the technological process at working area of coal mine, by forensic expert carrying out mining and engineering expert study by means of the model of casual relation. Considering the results of analysis of acts of legislation and regulatory acts in labour safety determining the requirements to the technological and project documents for working area with application of engineering and logical approach the model was developed for casual relation determining between safety incident occurrence and persons, whose action (inaction) resulted in incident preconditions during the technological process at working area. The model is helpful for determining the peculiarities of action (inaction) of persons being under the proper conditions in direct or indirect casual relation with an incident.

Oral Health and Brain Injury: Causal or Casual Relation?

Background: To systematically review the current literature investigating the association between oral health and acquired brain injury. Methods: A structured search strategy was applied to PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL electronic databases until March 2017 by 2 independent reviewers. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines were used for systematic review. Results: Even though the objective was to assess the association between oral health and acquired brain injury, eligible studies focused solely on different forms of stroke and stroke subtypes. Stroke prediction was associated with various factors such as number of teeth, periodontal conditions (even after controlling for confounding factors), clinical attachment loss, antibody levels to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia. The literature showed no consensus on the possible association between gingivitis and stroke. Patients with stroke generally had poorer oral hygiene practices and oral health. Dental prophylaxis and professional intervention reduced the incidence of stroke. Conclusions: Overall, oral health and stroke were related. Periodontitis and tooth loss were independently associated with stroke. However, prevention and timely intervention may reduce the risk of stroke. Stroke was the main cerebral lesion studied in the literature, with almost no publications on other brain lesions.