Severe versus less severe intimate partner violence: Aggressors and victims

In order to study the differences between severe intimate partner violence (S-IPV) and less severe intimate partner violence (LS-IPV), reports by 16,385 women who had suffered some type of abuse in 2016 and 2017 were analysed by means of the Police Risk Assessment Questionnaire. Chi-square tests indicate that S-IPV aggressors present criminological features to a significantly greater extent and are more likely to perpetrate various types of violence against their partners (for example, sexual aggression, death threats, degrading treatment, and controlling behaviour). Their behaviours seem to depend more on their beliefs and attitudes than on any possible psychopathological disturbance. Likewise, the victims of S-IPV are significantly more likely to report substance abuse, isolation from their environment, and vulnerability due to a mental disorder or disability; furthermore, they are less likely to report their abusers and continue with the judicial process. Therefore, efforts must be focused on fighting isolation, guaranteeing access to assistance and support services, and protecting victims during the processing of the criminal investigation. Professionals must also be alert to conflicts between partners linked to emotional breakdown and apply the relevant risk-management strategies, especially in cases with a history of mistreatment of women and an increase in violence severity.

Low self-esteem

Most children with ADHD suffer from low self-esteem. Many unwanted behaviours that are seen in children with ADHD are due to problems with self-esteem. It is essential that parents and teachers recognize this before trying to treat the behaviour. This chapter discusses low self-esteem in ADHD, including self-appraisal as a function of the brain, control of the self-appraisal system in the brain, dysfunctional coping behaviours (quitting, avoiding, adverse responses to praise, tactile defensiveness, cheating, lying, clowning, regressive behaviour, school avoidance, homework avoidance, computer game and TV ‘addiction’, aggression, controlling behaviour, passive aggression, and denial), and the importance of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms.

Male Characteristics and Contraception In Four Districts Of The Central Region, Ghana

Introduction: A lack of male involvement in contraception can negatively affect its practice. This study focuses on the male characteristics that influence the practice of both traditional and modern methods of contraception. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of quantitative data obtained from the baseline assessment of the Ghana Community-Based Action Teams Study that aimed to prevent violence against women in the Central Region of Ghana in 2016. The analysis included 1742 partnered males aged 18-60 years. Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between male characteristics and the practice of contraception (significance level=0.05). Results: The prevalence of contraception was 24.4% (95% CI=20.8-28.5). Significant male characteristics that predicted the practice of contraception in adjusted models were: post-primary education (AOR=1.44, 95% CI=0.92-2.25), male controlling behaviour (AOR=0.7, 95% CI=0.49-0.99); perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence (AOR=1.83, 95% CI=1.49-2.26); number of main sexual partners (AOR=1.78, 95% CI=1.15-2.75); and whether the first child was wanted (AOR=0.71, 95% CI=0.54-0.94).Conclusion: Adequate measures need to be taken to actively involve men in family planning programs to promote the practice of contraception. Family planning sensitization and education programs should target males who are less likely to practice contraception.

Medial Prefrontal Cortex controlling the immobility of rats in the forced swimming test: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) belong to the neural circuitry responsible for the behavioral responses to antidepressants in humans or animals. In the forced swimming (FST), a predictive test for antidepressants in laboratory rodents, inhibition, or stimulation of mPFC may produce antidepressant-like, unlike or no behavioral effect at all. Controversial findings may result from the variety of subregions of mPFC controlling behaviour of rats in the FST. The aim in the present study was to estimate the contribution of subregions of the mPFC to the control of rat behavior in the FST. For an unbiased view and well-powered analysis of the mentioned effects, a systematic review at Medline (Pubmed) followed by a meta-analysis was performed. Compared to other subdivisions, inhibition of prelimbic or infralimbic mPFC caused a significant drop of immobility time in the FST, which is an antidepressant-like effect. Summarizing, prelimbic or infralimbic cortices seem more relevant than other subregions to the control of immobility in the FST underlying the effects of antidepressants on mood and behaviour.

Geographic variation and determinants of help seeking behaviour among married women subjected to intimate partner violence: evidence from national population survey

Background Help seeking behaviour amongst married women who experienced Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has received limited attention in Africa. This study examines the geographic variation and investigates determinants of help seeking behaviour amongst married women in Ethiopia. Methods This study analysed data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Data was extracted for married women age 15–49 years old who experienced IPV. Factors associated with help seeking behaviour were identified using multiple logistic regression adjusted for clustering and weighing. The weighted proportion of factors associated with help seeking behaviour was exported to ArcGIS to conduct autocorrelation analysis. Results The prevalence of help seeking behaviour among married women who experienced IPV was 19.8% (95% CI: 15.9–24.3%). Only 9.2% of them sought help from a formal source (such as police, lawyer or doctor). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed physical violence (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.76), educational attainment (AOR=2.1), a partner’s alcohol consumption (AOR=1.9), partner’s controlling behaviour (AOR= 2.4), partner’s employment status, (AOR= 1.9) and wealth index (AOR=2.8) were significantly associated factors with help seeking behaviour among married women who experienced IPV in Ethiopia (P< 0.05). Women in Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, Harari, Western and Eastern Amhara, and Afar had the lowest odds of help seeking behaviour (P< 0.001) after experiencing IPV. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that poor help seeking behaviour for married women experiencing IPV is a significant public health problem in Ethiopia. Multiple interrelated factors were associated with poor help seeking behaviour. These factors include women’s level of educational attainment, women experiencing physical violence, partners exhibiting controlling behaviour, partner’s alcohol consumption, the employment status of the partner, and wealth status of the household were important predictors of help seeking behaviour. Policies and interventions need to be tailored to address these factors to improve women’s health outcomes and to prevent IPV.

The role of perceived coaching behaviours on sport performance among female aesthetic group gymnasts

This study aimed to test the relations of perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviours from coaches with athletes’ sport performance during competition in a context of female aesthetic group gymnastics. In line with self-determination theory, it was expected that the sequence of perceived psychological needs satisfaction and autonomous motivation, and psychological needs frustration and controlled motivation would mediate these relationships. Female aesthetic group gymnasts (n=128) ages 11–20 years completed self-report measures of perceived autonomysupportive and controlling behaviours from coaches, athletes’ needs satisfaction and needs frustration, including the need for novelty, as well as athletes’ autonomous and controlled motivation. Athletes’ objective performance during the competition was also obtained. Results from the single-indicator structural equation modelling analyses revealed a positive, indirect relationship between perceived autonomy-supportive behaviour from coaches and athletes’ performance mediated by the sequence of needs satisfaction and autonomous motivation. Significant indirect relationship between perceived controlling behaviour from coaches and athletes’ performance mediated by the sequence of needs frustration and controlled motivation was not followed. However, a negative direct relationship of controlled motivation, instigated by needs frustration, on athletes’ performance was evident. Findings suggest that perceived autonomy-supportive behaviour from coaches is an essential antecedent to athletes’ performance in a female aesthetic group gymnastics.

Mother-Child Communication Pattern on Awe-Awe Doer Family: A Study in Kalibaru Manis Village Banyuwangi Regency

This research focused on describing communication pattern between mother and her young child in awe-awe doer family. The study held in Kalibaru Manis village in Banyuwangi regency, Indonesia, with descriptive qualitative methodology. There’re three mothers participated as informants, all of them are awe-awe doer and likely to bring their children when working on the street. The result shows that there are protective communication pattern in mother-young children relationship, with varied level of controlling behaviour and disciplinary techniques used in the family that depend on the importance of discipline and level of the mother’s confidence to assert discipline to the children. When awe-awe is not the main income of the family, the mother does not put much control on their children about it. Awe-awe then become unique opportunities for the children to decide for themselves.

The Eminence Grise

This chapter demonstrates how the cortex communicates with the basal ganglia and the thalamus progressively during the evolution of vertebrates. The telencephalic loop is involved in social behaviour and cognitive processes. In mammals, the telencephalic loop, in which the cortex now replaces the pallium, takes a leading role in controlling behaviour. Thus, the telencephalon, a very minor input of the basal ganglia in anamniots, gradually becomes the main input as evolution progresses. Ultimately, the resulting neural network possesses the same dynamic properties as those described in Chapter 5. The neural network is also able to perform reinforcement learning through the subcortical loop, and also to automatize some skills at the cortical level.