scholarly journals An analysis and measurement of the effect of changes in public revenues on selected macro variables of the Iraqi economy from 2008 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Muna Younus Hussein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Revenues

Public revenues determine the extent to which governments finance their public spending and development programs. Also it is known that the fluctuations of these revenues have negative effects on the overall economic life of any economy, regardless of its development level and structural diversity, and, accordingly, changes in public revenues (especially oil ones) in the economy. The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of that change on those variables, since the research shows the dominance of oil revenues on total public revenues, which indicates the extent of the structural imbalance in the structure of exports to the Iraqi economy, along with a significant weakness of other sources in the formation of public revenues in the period between 2008 and 2021. The research also highlights a need for the government to develop a clear strategy aimed at managing and allocating oil wealth optimally according to a well-studied economic vision in order to reduce the structural distortion that the national economy suffers from, with an emphasis on the need to work on complementing oil revenues with reconstruction and developing the real economy and to diversify sources of income in the economy in order not to depend on oil exports to finance the general budget and control inflation rates.

scholarly journals The impact of economic diversification on improving the investment climate in Iraq for the period 2003-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Aysar Yaseen Fahd ◽  
Ahmed Muhammad Jasm
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effective Contribution ◽  
Public Revenues

This study aims to analyze the nature and volume of FDI inflows to Iraq during the period between 2003 and 2014 with reference to its importance in diversifying sources of income and reduce the risk of over-reliance on oil revenues, which exceed 97% of total public revenues. The study showed that the lack of pre-drawn strategy and prevented in attracting domestic and foreign investment without making the Iraqi economy a favorable climate to attract investment or directing those investment which entered to the sectors that are capable to contribute to the achievement of a genuine development through their effective contribution to capital formation and to its connections with the front and rear rest sectors.

scholarly journals Examining the Key Success Factors for Startups in the Kingdom of Bahrain

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-49
Author(s):  
Muneera Al Sahaf ◽  
Lamea Al Tahoo
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
Key Success Factors ◽  
Clear Vision ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
The Impact

With Bahrain Economic Vision 2030, aspiring the shift from an economy that depends on oil wealth to a diversified economy, including startup businesses.  A number of startups in Bahrain have been growing at a rapid pace in various industries. This is a result of the excellent ecosystem, and support provided to startups by the government in Bahrain. This study aims to examine the key success factors of startups in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The quantitative method was the adopted approach, whereby data was collected to examine the impact of four selected variables; fund-raising, experience, knowledge, and partnerships on the success of startups in Bahrain. The quantitative findings outlined the importance of several factors that were perceived to have a significant influence on the success of Bahraini Startups, where the majority of respondents agreed/strongly that two of the examined factors are considered critical to succeed in startups in the Kingdom of Bahrain. These factors are experience and knowledge, which proved to have an active role to maintain the success of startups. However, the startups’ founders disagreed on the impact of fund-raising and partnerships which are considered to have no major effect on the success of startups. Recommendations of this research include two segments; for founders is to seek more opportunities to enhance their knowledge and capitalize on their experiences, and for government entities to provide and improve training offerings, and facilitate founders’ communication and assist them in reaching out to the investors and the supporting entities, which will provide ease for new startup entry to the market, and establishment of a clear vision with framework prior to embarking the new venture.

Rethinking the Conflict “Resource Curse”: How Oil Wealth Prevents Center-Seeking Civil Wars

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Paine
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
Civil War Onset

AbstractA broad literature on how oil wealth affects civil war onset argues that oil production engenders violent contests to capture a valuable prize from vulnerable governments. By contrast, research linking oil wealth to durable authoritarian regimes argues that oil-rich governments deter societal challenges by strategically allocating enormous revenues to enhance military capacity and to provide patronage. This article presents a unified formal model that evaluates how these competing mechanisms affect overall incentives for center-seeking civil wars. The model yields two key implications. First, large oil-generated revenues strengthen the government and exert an overall effect that decreases center-seeking civil war propensity. Second, oil revenues are less effective at preventing center-seeking civil war relative to other revenue sources, which distinguishes overall and relative effects. Revised statistical results test overall rather than relative effects by omitting the conventional but posttreatment covariate of income per capita, and demonstrate a consistent negative association between oil wealth and center-seeking civil war onset.

scholarly journals C EFFICIENCY RATIO AS A MEASURE OF VAT EFFICIENCY IN EU DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SERBIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Đorđević ◽  
Jadranka Đurović-Todorović ◽  
Milica Ristić
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Revenues

The policy led by a large number of developing countries, with the aim of increasing indirect taxes, has opened the issue of Value Added Tax (VAT) efficiency. Reforms of tax systems of developing countries generally involve an increase in standard rates in order to increase VAT, which is the main source of public revenues. In such a way, developing countries determine the VAT efficiency and the amount of revenue that could be collected by indirect taxation. The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of determinants on VAT efficiency. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the factors that influence the C efficiency ratio. The main objective of the paper is to analize the impact of the change in the standard rate on the ratio. Theoretical analyses of standard rates and other factors that have reflections on the VAT collection efficiency explicitly prove that there are different ways to improve the efficiency of VAT collection, and exclude an increase in the standard rate. An increase in the standard rate provides a balance of negative effects, which can be blurred by recorded tax revenues. We focused on the countries of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania during the 2000-2016 period. These countries experienced significant changes in government during economic transformation, and where VAT is the main source of public revenues. The last section analize an increse in VAT rate and C efficiency ratio in Serbia and conteins conclusions. The paper indicates the imperfection of inadequately defined VAT rates on economic growth and development in analized countries. Based on analyses we can conclude that the increase in the standard rate have negative reflections on the VAT efficiency, and that it was one of the factors of the continuous decline in C-efficiency.

scholarly journals STRATEGI BATNA (BEST ALTERNATIVE TO A NEGOTIATED AGREEMENT) DALAM MENGATASI KONFLIK MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN DI PERTAMBANGAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edwin Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Family Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descriptive Method

The purpose of this research is to know the strategy of BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) in overcoming the conflict of environmental management that occurred in mining area of ​​PT. SumberEnergi Jaya, East Motoling District.This study uses descriptive method, which aims to find information from a phenomenon.Strategy management of conflict resolution of mining resources, conducted by PT. SumberEnergi Jaya showed good results, although there are still some residents who have not received the results of negotiations. With the efforts of family approach and deliberation to show effective results, a negotiator's strategy is a critical determinant of the success of an agreement. While Implementation of Law no. 7 of 2012 in this case has not been fully implemented as expected, where from the analysis conducted there is still an omission element by the government. The impact of government policies through the enactment of mining business licenses granted to PT. SumberEnergi Jaya, is very impact on social life and the environment, rather than the economic value generated. Due to the decline in environmental quality will affect the social and economic life of residents around the mine's circle.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON MICRO & SMALL SCALE TOURISM ENTREPRENEURS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasya Farhana Nazry ◽  
◽  
Jabil Mapjabil ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The tourism sector is the single largest contributor to the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are divided into three levels: micro, small and medium-sized - enterprises, in a programme initiated by the government to reduce poverty and cut the income gap between rural and urban residents. The involvement of SMEs in the tourism industry has contributed to the development of a competitive advantage for the tourism industry in Malaysia. SMEs are an important component of the Malaysian economy, accounting for more than a third of the total GDP and providing employment to more than seven million people. However, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a worldwide pandemic, it has radically changed the direction of the tourism sector in Malaysia, especially among the micro and small scale enterprises (SMEs). In an effort to slow the spread of the virus, numerous countries introduced and mandated the use of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) including hand washing and sanitisation, social distancing and social isolation. Furthermore, the government has introduced several policies, improved public health systems and closed borders. These developments have restricted and even banned international travel and domestic travel, resulting in severe negative effects on the tourism sector. This unforeseen shock, to the tourism and other sectors, has dragged on for more than 12 months. It has severely curtailed the growth of micro and small scale enterprises (SMEs), leaving many such enterprises on the brink of closure. This study examines the literature and critically reviews the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted SMEs. The methodology of this study uses the method of highlighting literature material systematically. A conceptual research method using secondary data was used in this study.

scholarly journals How Do Economic Fluctuations Affect the Mortality of Infectious Diseases?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Ting Sun ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Chi-Wei Su ◽  
Muhammad Umar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Fluctuations ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Vector Autoregression Model ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This paper uses the mixed frequency vector autoregression model to explore the impact of economic fluctuations on infectious diseases mortality (IDM) from China perspective. We find that quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) fluctuations have a negative impact on the annual IDM, indicating that the mortality of infectious diseases varies counter-cyclically with the business cycle in China. Specifically, IDM usually increases with deterioration in economic conditions, and vice versa. The empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis I derived from the theoretical analysis, which highlights that economic fluctuations can negatively affect the mortality of infectious diseases. The findings can offer revelations for the government to consider the role of economic conditions in controlling the epidemic of infectious diseases. Policymakers should adopt appropriate and effective strategies to mitigate the potential negative effects of macroeconomic downturns on the mortality of infectious diseases. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, these analyses further emphasize the importance of promoting economic growth, increasing public health expenditure, and preventing and controlling foreign infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Restructuring and Automation of Security Model for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
Mike Akhaze Okedion
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Security ◽  
Model Development ◽  
National Development ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
The Impact

Nigeria has on daily basis experienced an upsurge of activities that threatens and endangers its national security. In recent times, the Nigerian nation suddenly metamorphosed into an abode of insecurity. Security is presently a major challenge in Nigeria especially in Northern Nigeria. Nigerians and non-Nigerians are killed on daily basis and in their numbers even the United Nations building and the Police Headquarters at the Federal Capital were bombed. Though the government claims to be on top of the situation, the problem persists. Despite its abundant oil wealth, there has been unimaginable level of lack of infrastructure, automated security amenities and negligible development generally. One of the major setbacks to development in Nigeria is insecurity. Until very recently, plethora of explanations on the crawling pace of development in Nigeria tends to pay infinitesimal attention to the centrality of security to national development. It is no surprise therefore that since 1999 when Nigeria returned to civil rule insecurity tends to have hampered national development. Security is evidently the pillar upon which every meaningful development could be achieved and sustained. In view of this scenario, the paper basically analyses and recommends ways of ascertaining the impact of automated and improved security model for sustainable development in Nigeria. It therefore concludes and recommends amongst others, the formulation and effective implementation of policies capable of addressing the root causes of insecurity in Nigeria. Keywords: Restructuring, Automation, Security Model, Development.

scholarly journals Challenges of Monetary Policy during Crisis in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Marta Paduszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Bank Of England ◽  
The Impact

The topic of the presented study is about the monetary policy in the United Kingdom, included situation and challenges of this policy during crisis. This article presents the structure of the central bank of England as well as economic trends in years 2002–2016. Special attention has been devoted to the Quantitative Easing – unconventional monetary policy followed by central bank in the wake of financial crisis that began in 2007. The main purpose of the article is to show the impact of the financial crisis on the monetary policy in the United Kingdom and methods of dealing with its negative effects. Realisation of this will be studied literature and data compiled by the institutions involved in the discussed issue, especially reports prepared by the Central Bank of England. The financial crisis has had a negative impact on the real economy of the United Kingdom. It limited possibilities of household consumption and also possibilities of investment companies. Both of those, consumption and investment are important determinants of GDP.

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 Towards Human Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Iqbal Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
The Impact

The emergence of coronavirus at the end of 2019 caused the world to fall into a global pandemic. It cannot be denied that the phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic caused a downturn in the global economy. The threat of the Covid-19 pandemic has endangered social aspects and has also destabilized the political and economic life of all countries. Covid-19 has an impact on human security around the world. The concept of human security essentially emphasizes human freedom from fear. Through the concept of human security, this article seeks to explain how people are classified as vulnerable objects. Their lives could be threatened by Covid-19. The author uses a qualitative methodology with case study techniques to address this issue. The analysis in this article shows that poor, undernourished people who do not have access to sanitation and health services live in densely populated areas and people with comorbidities are particularly vulnerable to exposure to Covid-19. The conclusion of this research is that the government needs to give priority to these vulnerable communities. They are the entities that need to be protected from the threat posed by Covid-19.AbstrakMunculnya virus corona di penghujung tahun 2019 menyebabkan dunia terjerumus ke dalam pandemi global. Tak bisa dipungkiri, fenomena pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan perlambatan ekonomi global. Ancaman pandemi Covid-19 telah membahayakan aspek sosial dan juga mengguncang kehidupan politik dan ekonomi semua negara. Covid-19 berdampak pada keamanan manusia di seluruh dunia. Konsep keamanan manusia pada dasarnya menekankan kebebasan manusia dari rasa takut. Melalui konsep human security, artikel ini berusaha menjelaskan bagaimana manusia diklasifikasikan sebagai objek yang rentan. Hidup mereka bisa terancam oleh Covid-19. Penulis menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan teknik studi kasus untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Analisis dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa orang miskin dan kurang gizi yang tidak memiliki akses ke sanitasi dan layanan kesehatan tinggal di daerah padat penduduk dan orang dengan penyakit penyerta sangat rentan terhadap paparan Covid-19. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemerintah perlu memberikan prioritas kepada masyarakat rentan tersebut. Mereka adalah entitas yang perlu dilindungi oleh pemerintah dari ancaman Covid-19.

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