DYNAMICS OF INVASION OF YOUNG TURKEY EIMERIA SPP. IN THE PROCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL CYCLE OF THEIR CULTIVATION

Among the different sub-branches of poultry farming, turkey breeding is especially attractive due to the intensive production technology and biological characteristics obtained from turkey products. Based on the experience of turkey farming and analysis of the literature, it is obvious that with the development of industrial turkey breeding, a problem arises associated with the pathology of this species of birds, the study of which has not yet been given due attention. To establish the infestation with intestinal parasitic protozoa of young turkeys in the form of the disease Eimeria spp. in 2020 from a specialized turkey breeding farm of the Penza region of Central Russia, samples of feces were examined for the presence of invasive elements. For research coproscopic methods of Fülleborn and Darling were used. Young turkeys of different ages were examined for eimeriosis by the method of intravital coproscopy. On the farm of the Penza region, turkeys were examined from 7 days of age until the full completion of the technological cycle every 14 days by examining at least 20 fresh samples of feces. The study of the dynamics of the invasion of young turkeys with eimeria in the process of the technological cycle of their rearing showed that the greatest infestation of males fell on 35–49 days of age, EI – 30–45%. In young females, the invasion of eimeria was noticeably lower, the peak of infection was at 35–49–63 days of age, EI – 5–30%. The drug Monensin used by us as a coccidiostatic agent in the recommended dose and scheme provided satisfactory efficacy, preventing the clinical manifestation of coccidiosis in young turkeys during the technological cycle of their rearing. Based on the real epizootic situation at poultry farms, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive therapeutic and prophylactic measures against the noted parasitoses, taking into account the exo- and endogenous stages of parasite development.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPREHENSIVE MEASURES AGAINST COCCIDIA OF PIGLETS IN A SOW HOUSE

A comprehensive program against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in pigs was tested in the conditions of a pig farm in the Moscow Region in a sow house divided into four sectors with 40 sows in each. For disinfection of sectors 1 and 2 during the preparation of the pig house, Kenocox 4% complex disinfectant was used in the recommended dose and exposure. For disinfection of sectors 3 and 4 (baseline scenario), we used a recommended dose of a hot sodium hydroxide solution 4%. Sows were transferred for farrowing 5 days after showering and treatment of their skin. Residual contamination of environmental objects was established 24 hours after disinfection. After farrowing, the piglets aged 3–5 days from 1-2 sectors were administered a suspension of toltrazuril 5% at a single dose of 30 mg of the active substance per 1 kg of weight orally as a therapeutic and prophylactic course. The piglets from 3-4 sectors served as a control and were administered saline solution in a single dose of 1 ml orally. The comprehensive measures against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in pigs had a positive effect on the biosecurity level of the sow house and influenced the production and economic indicators. The survivability of piglets in the experimental group after complex measures against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in pigs was 7.1% higher than the control group, and the increase in live weight in the experimental group was 13.9% higher. Feed consumption per unit of liveweight gain in the experimental group of piglets was 12.1% less than the control. The economic effect of the comprehensive measures against coccidia in pigs as compared with the control animals per one animal was 248.5 Rubles.

Remarks of Eimeria labbeana infection in Egyptian pigeons

This work was conducted to investigate the course of Eimeria labbeana infection in Egyptian pigeons (Columbia Livia). Thirty squabs were experimentally infected orally with 2.5 x104 sporulated Eimeria labbeana oocysts. Daily scarification of three squabs was done from day one post-infection (PI) until day 8 PI for following of the endogenous stages in tissue samples and 6 squabs were kept to follow the patent period and daily oocyst shedding. Paraffin-embedded intestinal samples were sectioned and stained for differentiation of parasitic stages. The infected squabs showed greenish watery diarrhea, weakness, rough feathers, and decrease food intake at day 5 PI. The pre-patent and patent periods were 6 and 14 days PI respectively. The oocyst shedding started at day 6 PI and reached the peak at day 8 PI. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of three schizont stages, macro-and micro-gametes, and oocysts in the duodenal and jejunal parts of the small intestine. In conclusion, it is the first study on Egypt on Eimeria labbeana in Egyptian pigeons and its biology is like recorded before.

The immunomodulatory activity of secnidazole–nitazoxanide in a murine cryptosporidiosis model

Introduction. Cryptosporidium parvum causes intestinal parasitic infections affecting both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Gap statement. Given the absence of effective treatments for cryptosporidiosis, especially in immunodeficient patients, the present study was designed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of secnidazole (SEC) and its combination with nitazoxanide (NTZ) in comparison to single NTZ treatment in relation to the immune status of a murine model of C. parvum infection. Methodology. The infected groups were administered NTZ, SEC or NTZ–SEC for three or five successive doses. At days 10 and 12 post-infection (p.i.), the mice were sacrificed, and the efficacy of the applied drugs was evaluated by comparing the histopathological alterations in ileum and measuring the T helper Th1 (interferon gamma; IFN-γ), Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] and Th17 (IL-17) cytokine profiles in serum. Results. The NTZ–SEC combination recorded the maximal reduction of C. parvum oocyst shedding, endogenous stages count and intestinal histopathology, regardless of the immune status of the infected mice. The efficacy of NTZ–SEC was dependent on the period of administration, as the 5 day-based treatment protocol was also more effective than the 3 day-based one in terms of immunocompetence and immunosuppression. The present treatment schedule induced an immunomodulatory effect from SEC that developed a protective immune response against C. parvum infection with reduced production of serum IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10. Conclusions. Application of NTZ–SEC combined therapy may be useful in treatment of C. parvum, especially in cases involving immunosuppression.

COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM AGAINST EXOAND ENDOGENOUS STAGES OF COCCIDIA IN PIG

Coccidiosis (isosporiasis, eimeriosis) and balantidiasis are most common among endamebas, which affect pigs of different age but they have the greatest negative effect on young animals. The work was carried out in a sow house at a pig complex in the Moscow Region. The sow house was divided into four sectors with 40 sows each. Complex preparation Kenocox 4% and Emeriocide 5% at a recommended dose and exposure were used for disinfestation during the preparation of the sow house in sectors 1 and 2. The recommended dose of 4% hot sodium hydroxide solution (basic version) was used for disinvasion of sectors 3 and 4. Piglets were taken from the mother at the age of 23 days at this farm. Piglets from sectors 1 and 2 were prescribed Toltrazuril 5% at a dose of the active substance of 30 mg / kg of the body weight after farrowing on the 3rd to 5th days of age as a preventive course. Piglets from sectors 3 and 4 served as a control and were prescribed physiological solution at a single dose of 1 ml orally. The combined use of drugs against the exogenous and endogenous stages of Coccidia significantly improved the level of biological protection of the sow house, which had a definite effect on production and economic results.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Prebiotic Supplementation against Intestinal Coccidiosis in Rabbits

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of prebiotic supplementation against intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits. Fifty male rabbits aged 35–60 days (1–1.5 kg) were divided into prophylactic and therapeutic experiments (five groups, 10 rabbits per group). Prophylactic experiment had prebiotic supplemented (PS-P), non-supplemented infected control (NI-P), and non-supplemented non-infected control (NN-P) groups. Ten days post-prebiotic supplementation (PPS), rabbits in groups PS-P and NI-P were infected orally with 7.0 × 104 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. However, therapeutic experiment had prebiotic supplemented (PS-T) and untreated infected (UI-T) groups of naturally infected rabbits with Eimeria species. A significant reduction in oocyst count per gram feces (OPG) (p ≤ 0.05) was reported in the PS-P (57.33 × 103 ± 2.84) and NI-P (130.83 × 103 ± 43.38) groups during the experiment. Additionally, rabbits in groups (PS-P, 970.33 ± 31.79 g and NI-P, 870.66 ± 6.66 g) showed weight loss after infection. However, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in OPG was observed at day seven PPS in the PS-T group (4 × 103 ± 0.00) when compared with the UI-T group (32 × 103 ± 7.54). Furthermore, the PS-T group had a higher body weight than rabbits in the UI-T group. Histopathological findings of the intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) showed that the counts of the endogenous stages were significantly higher in the NI-P and UI-T groups than in the prebiotic-supplemented groups (PS-P and PS-T). Supplementation of the prebiotic did not have any adverse effects on biochemical parameters, such as AST, ALT, creatinine, total protein, and total cholesterol. In conclusion, prebiotic supplementation can be used to minimize the adverse effects of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits, which in turn limits body weight loss, especially for the prophylaxis of coccidial infection.

Cystoisospora belli infections in humans: the past 100 years

Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed, but mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many cases of C. belli infections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts of C. belli are excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages of C. belli are confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated. Cystoisospora belli infections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages of C. belli were re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients as C. belli. Here, we review all aspects of the biology of C. belli, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.

LYSIS TEST AND BIOASSAY FOR EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CALVES WITH BUXTONELLA TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG CYSTODESIS

To combat the parasitic protozoa of cattle and, above all, eimeriosis, preparations have been proposed that are effective against both exogenous and endogenous stages. Such studies have not been conducted before in relation to cattle buxtonellosis. The lysis test was performed with various concentrations of the cystodesis drug, and the bioassay was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the drug for disinvasion. The efficacy of disinvasion in the appointment of different concentrations of the drug cystodesis, as well as 4% concentration of the basic drug phenol was determined based on the percentage reduction in the allocation of cysts Buxtonella after exposure to the above-mentioned drugs and concentrations compared to calves infected controls, which were prescribed 200 cysts / ml. Intensity of the drug Cystodesis in 3% concentration was 97.9%, and in concentrations of 4 and 5%, the drug showed 100% efficiency. Conducted production tests showed that the complex preparation of cystodesis 4% for disinvasion of environmental objects in cattle farms in a dose of 0.5 l per 1 m2 at an exposure of 2 hours showed 92.32% intensity against cysts Buxtonella. The proposed tool, which includes the use of a complex concentrated drug cystodesis against cysts Buxtonella, provides high intensity efficacy for cattle buxtonellosis. Studies of domestic and foreign scientists have established that every cattle-breeding farm that practices stall-walking maintenance with the use of pastures is unfavorable for parasitic diseases and, above all, for parasitic protozoa, among which buxtonellosis is most common due to the extensiveness of invasion. According to the literature in the intestines of cattle of different ages, one type of ciliates of Buxtonella sulcata parasitizes.To combat the parasitic protozoa of cattle and, above all, eimeriosis, preparations have been proposed that are effective against both exogenous and endogenous stages. Such studies have not been conducted before in relation to cattle buxtonellosis. Based on the above, the problem of cattle buxtonellosis sets the task of researchers to develop measures to combat both exogenous and endogenous stages of invasion development and, above all, to develop a method for disinvasion of environmental objects against cysts Buxtonella.

Re-evaluation of merogony of a Cystoisospora ohioensis-like coccidian and its distinction from gametogony in the intestine of a naturally infected dog

Four species of Cystoisospora, C. canis, C. ohioensis, C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are described from feces of dogs. Of these, the oocysts of C. canis are the largest and easily distinguished from the remaining three species. Oocysts of C. ohioensis, C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are difficult to distinguish because of overlap in their sizes. However, based on endogenous developmental stages, C. ohioensis is distinct from C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi because its endogenous stages are confined to surface epithelium of intestine whereas endogenous stages of C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi are predominantly in the lamina propria. There are uncertainties regarding the endogenous stages of C. neorivolta and C. burrowsi and there is no way now to determine whether C. burrowsi and C. neorivolta are different parasites; therefore, these are referred as C. ohioensis-like organisms. Additionally, mode of division of asexual stages of coccidia of dogs is largely unknown and ultrastructural studies are lacking. In the present study, development of asexual and sexual stages of a C. ohioensis-like organism in a naturally infected dog is described by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. Merozoites divided by endodyogeny/merogony. Meronts were crescent/merozoite-shaped and contained a maximum of eight nuclei. A distinctive feature of merozoites was the presence of many PAS-positive amylopectin granules that were absent or rare in immature microgamonts making it possible to distinguish them.