Cystoisospora belli infections in humans: the past 100 years

AbstractCystoisospora belli is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed, but mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many cases of C. belli infections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts of C. belli are excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages of C. belli are confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated. Cystoisospora belli infections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages of C. belli were re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients as C. belli. Here, we review all aspects of the biology of C. belli, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.

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On-Surface Radical Oligomerisation: A New Approach to STM Tip-Induced Reactions

10.26434/chemrxiv.6860105 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gaolei Zhan ◽

Younes Makoudi ◽

Judicael Jeannoutot ◽

Simon Lamare ◽

Michel Féron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sample Surface ◽

Scanning Tunnelling Microscope ◽

Transfer Event ◽

New Approach ◽

The Past ◽

Organic Nanostructures ◽

Scanning Tunnelling ◽

New Strategy ◽

Surface Fabrication ◽

And Control

Over the past decade, on-surface fabrication of organic nanostructures has been widely investigated for the development of molecular electronic devices, nanomachines, and new materials. Here, we introduce a new strategy to obtain alkyl oligomers in a controlled manner using on-surface radical oligomerisations that are triggered by the electrons/holes between the sample surface and the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. The resulting radical-mediated mechanism is substantiated by a detailed theoretical study. This electron transfer event only occurs when Vs < -3 V or Vs > + 3 V and allows access to reactive radical species under exceptionally mild conditions. This transfer can effectively ‘switch on’ a sequence leading to formation of oligomers of defined size distribution due to the on-surface confinement of reactive species. Our approach enables new ways to initiate and control radical oligomerisations with tunnelling electrons, leading to molecularly precise nanofabrication.

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Ten-year trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86199-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kwang-il Kim ◽

Eunjeong Ji ◽

Jung-yeon Choi ◽

Sun-wook Kim ◽

Soyeon Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Age Group ◽

Hypertension Treatment ◽

Treatment Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

And Control

AbstractWe analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database to determine the trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea over the past 10 years. In addition, we tried to investigate the effect of chronic medical conditions on hypertension management. We investigated the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate from 2008 to 2017. KNHANES, which uses a stratified multistage sampling design, is a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey conducted by the Korean government. A total of 59,282 adults (≥ 20 years) were included, which was representative of the total population of around 40 million Koreans per year. The mean age was 50.7 ± 16.4 years and 42.6% were male. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity significantly increased over the 10 years. During this period, the hypertension treatment and control rate significantly improved. Hypertension treatment rate was significantly lower in the younger age group compared to the older age group, but the control rate among the treated patients was not significantly different between age groups. The treatment and control rates of hypertension were higher in patients with multimorbidity, which implies that it has a favorable effect on the treatment and control of hypertension. Hypertension treatment and control rate have improved over the past 10 years. The higher treatment and control rate in patients with multimorbidity suggest that the more aggressive surveillance might be associated with the improvement of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea.

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An Introduction to Development of Centralized and Distributed Stochastic Approximation Algorithm with Expanding Truncations

Algorithms ◽

10.3390/a14060174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 174

Author(s):

Wenxiao Zhao

Keyword(s):

Approximation Algorithm ◽

Stochastic Approximation ◽

Probabilistic Method ◽

Principal Component ◽

Stochastic Approximation Algorithm ◽

The Past ◽

Systems And Control ◽

Ode Method ◽

Centralized Algorithm ◽

And Control

The stochastic approximation algorithm (SAA), starting from the pioneer work by Robbins and Monro in 1950s, has been successfully applied in systems and control, statistics, machine learning, and so forth. In this paper, we will review the development of SAA in China, to be specific, the stochastic approximation algorithm with expanding truncations (SAAWET) developed by Han-Fu Chen and his colleagues during the past 35 years. We first review the historical development for the centralized algorithm including the probabilistic method (PM) and the ordinary differential equation (ODE) method for SAA and the trajectory-subsequence method for SAAWET. Then, we will give an application example of SAAWET to the recursive principal component analysis. We will also introduce the recent progress on SAAWET in a networked and distributed setting, named the distributed SAAWET (DSAAWET).

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The Origins of Domestic Sheep and Goats: a Reconsideration in the Light of the Fossil Evidence

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/s0079497x00013943 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 368-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sebastian Payne

Keyword(s):

Direct Evidence ◽

Present Situation ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

The Other ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Animal Domestication ◽

The Past ◽

The One ◽

And Control

In recent discussions of the origins and process of animal domestication (Reed, 1961, Zeuner, 1963), both authors rely on two kinds of evidence: on the one hand, the present distributions and characteristics of the different breeds of whatever animal is being discussed, together with its feral and wild relatives, and, on the other hand, the past record, given by literary and pictorial sources and the bones from archaeological and geological sites. Increased recognition of the limitations of the past record, whether in the accuracy of the information it appears to give (as in the case of pictorial sources), or in the certainty of the deductions we are at present capable of drawing from it (this applies especially to the osteological record), has led these authors to argue mainly from the present situation, using the past record to confirm or amplify the existing picture.Arguing from the present, many hypotheses about the origins and process of domestication are available. The only test we have, when attempting to choose between these, lies in the direct evidence of the past record. The past record, it is freely admitted, is very fragmentary: the information provided by the present situation is more exact, ranges over a much wider field, and is more open to test and control. Nevertheless, the past record, however imperfect it is, is the only direct evidence we have about the process of domestication.

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The Problem of Energy

Theory Culture & Society ◽

10.1177/0263276414536747 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 3-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

John Urry

Keyword(s):

Social Theory ◽

21St Century ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Energy Systems ◽

Social Thought ◽

Human Intervention ◽

The West ◽

The Past ◽

And Control ◽

Global Growth

Energy forms and their extensive scale are remarkably significant for the ways that societies are organized. This article shows the importance of how societies are ‘energized’ and especially the global growth of ‘fossil fuel societies’. Much social thought remains oblivious to the energy revolution realized over the past two to three centuries which set the ‘West’ onto a distinct trajectory. Energy is troubling for social thought because different energy systems with their ‘lock-ins’ are not subject to simple human intervention and control. Analyses are provided here of different fossil fuel societies, of coal and oil, with the latter enabling the liquid, mobilized 20th century. Consideration is paid to the possibilities of reducing fossil fuel dependence but it is shown how unlikely such a ‘powering down’ will be. The author demonstrates how energy is a massive problem for social theory and for 21st-century societies. Developing post-carbon theory and especially practice is far away but is especially urgent.

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Transition and the Pitfalls of Nondemocratic Institutions: A review of Constitutionality in Ethiopia

Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law ◽

10.47348/ajcl/2021/a4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

pp. 67-87

Author(s):

Tadesse Melaku

Keyword(s):

Case Analysis ◽

Democratic Governance ◽

Institutional Reforms ◽

Constitutional Review ◽

The Past ◽

Government Power ◽

Review Mechanism ◽

And Control ◽

Regional Elections ◽

Do So

Ethiopia has undertaken important political reforms after the fall of authoritarianism in 2018. This article examines the performance of Ethiopia’s constitutional review mechanism amid the ongoing political and institutional reforms in the country. The study focuses on the process and merit of the constitutional ruling to delay the 2020 national and regional elections because of the coronavirus pandemic, thereby extending the government’s tenure. It further unravels the challenges posed by nondemocratic institutions of the past regime in navigating the transition. In doing so, this study draws on legal, documentary and case analysis, and a literature review. While the mandate extension comes as no surprise, the reasoning of the decision to do so was disappointing for many, dashing the hope and sense of a constitutional moment that accompanied the highly publicised constitutional hearing process in June 2020. The judgment reveals an endemic deficiency of the institutional system. Thus, it is imperative for Ethiopia to establish an independent constitutional umpire to check and control the exercise of government power and support the transition to multiparty democratic governance in the country.

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THE HORMONAL COMPOSITION OF MILK IN PRODUCTIVE ANIMALS AND ITS SAFETY FOR HUMANS

Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology ◽

10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202003005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 313-321

Author(s):

P.A. Popov ◽

◽

V.S. Babunova ◽

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Dairy Products ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Important Food ◽

The Past ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

And Control

Hormones are an integral part of milk and throughout lactation, the content of certain hormones is unstable. Hormones regulate the process of starting lactation of animals, the lactation process itself, and also the other functions of the body. Milk is of great importance for the growth of young animals and the formation of immunity. Milk is a special product in the diet and is an important food and raw material for the production of dairy products for people. It contains a large amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements in biologically available form. But at the same time, over the past few years, more and more evidence has emerged that hormones in dairy products can impact on human health. Thus, some estrogens and insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 are involved in the initiation and provocation of breast, prostate and endometrial tumors. That’s why, it is necessary to normalize and control the content of certain hormones in milk with highly sensitive methods.

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Reform in the Rail and Electricity sectors in Russia: Restructuring, Competition and the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/aoecon.53.2003.4.1 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 339-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. Pittman

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Structural Changes ◽

International Experience ◽

State Ownership ◽

The Past ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Government ◽

And Control ◽

Two Sectors

The Russian Federation is in the process of making major structural changes to its railway and electricity sectors. Both sectors will be at least partly vertically disintegrated, with the aim of creating competition in the “upstream” sector while maintaining state ownership and control of the monopoly “grid”. This paper examines the details of reform and restructuring in the context of the international experience with reform and restructuring in these two sectors, and considers the role of the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy in reform, both in the past as an “advocate for competition” within the government, and in the future as the guarantor of non-discriminatory access to the grids by non-integrated upstream producers.

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Environment, arbovirus transmission and control of epidemics

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x1992000300004 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 249-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roger Cordellier ◽

Nicolas Degallier

Keyword(s):

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Ground Level ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

The People ◽

Natural Foci ◽

Effective Role ◽

Control Of Epidemics ◽

And Control

In order to illustrate the relationships between the biotopes (or phytogeographical zones), arbovirus vectors and vertebrate hosts (including man), and epidemiology, current knowledge on the transmission of Yellow Fever virus in West Africa is reported. A dynamic scheme has been devised to integrate the observed geographical distribution of cases and the timing of their occurrence. Two principal areas, endemicity and epidetnicity, were defined according to the presence or absence of sylvatic monkey-mosquito transmission. The intensity and potential of contacts between humans and vectors depends on the degree of man-made changes in the environment, often increasing the extension of ecotone areas where the mosquitoes are easily biting at the ground level. Prevention and/or control of arbovirus diseases require detailed eco-epidemiological studies to determine: (1) the effective role of each potential vector in each phytogeographical region; (2) the risk factors for the people living in or near areas with a sylvatic transmission cycle; (3) the priorities - vaccination and/or control - for preventing the expansion of natural foci.

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Sekoper Cinta: Solusi Peningkatan Kualitas Perempuan di Tatar Sunda

HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies ◽

10.30983/humanisme.v4i2.3522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 177

Author(s):

Neng Eri Sofiana

Keyword(s):

Divorce Rate ◽

Economic Independence ◽

The West ◽

West Java ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

The Past ◽

Women And Children ◽

Child Violence ◽

And Control

West Java for the past three years has been included in the top three provinces with the highest number of divorces and the highest rate of child violence. Ridwan Kamil and the Chief of the West Java PKK launched 'Sekoper Cinta' or women's school held by the DP3AKB which make an affort to empower women to achieve equality , participation, access, roles, benefits and control between women and men in all fields. This school has held a graduation ceremony for 2,700 women on October 22, 2019. This program is held to improve the quality of women so they can reduce the rate of divorce and violence against children. So, how is this program carried out in West Java, can it reduce the existing divorce rate? Can it be applied in other areas as a solution to protect women and children? In fact, Sekoper Cinta is able to make women and mothers more empowered and qualified with a lot of materials that encourage family resilience and economic independence, so that if applied it will certainly be able to reduce the divorce rate in West Java and this program can be used as guidelines and examples for other areas because the results are able to give freedom to women from gender injustice. Jawa Barat selama tiga tahun terakhir ini termasuk ke dalam tiga besar provinsi dengan jumlah perceraian terbanyak dan angka kekerasan anak terbesar. Ridwan Kamil beserta Ketua PKK Jawa Barat meluncurkan ‘Sekoper Cinta’ atau Sekolah Perempuan Capai Impian dan Cita-Cita sebagai sekolah khusus perempuan yang diadakan oleh Pemprov Jawa Barat dengan Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan Perlindungan Anak dan Keluarga Berencana (DP3AKB) yang berupaya dalam memberdayakan para perempuan demi mewujudkan kesetaraan, partisipasi, akses, peran, manfaat, dan kontrol antara perempuan dan laki-laki di semua bidang. Sekolah ini telah mengadakan wisuda bagi 2.700 perempuan pada 22 Oktober 2019 lalu. Program ini diadakan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas perempuan sehingga dapat menekan angka perceraian dan kekerasan terhadap anak. Maka, bagaimana program ini dilakukan di Jawa Barat, apakah dapat menekan angka perceraian yang ada? Apakah mampu diterapkan di wilayah lain sebagai solusi melindungi kaum perempuan dan anak? Ternyata, Sekoper Cinta mampu membuat perempuan dan ibu-ibu lebih berdaya dan berkualitas dengan sekian banyak materi yang mendorong kepada ketahanan keluarga dan kemandirian ekonomi, sehingga jika diaplikasikan tentu akan mampu menekan angka perceraian yang ada di Jawa Barat dan program ini dapat dijadikan pedoman serta contoh bagi wilayah lainnya karena hasilnya yang mampu memberi kebebasan kepada perempuan dari ketidakadilan gender.

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