EFFICACY OF COLD POLYPECTOMY TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL POLYP (< 1CM) IN THE COLORECTUM

Background/Aim: Colonoscopic polypectomy is a very important intervention for the prevention of colorectal cancer progression. Whereas various techniques are used for the removal of polyps, hot polypectomy with electrocautery is still a standard technique. However, this technique has been associated with an increased risk of electrocautery-related complications, including bleeding or perforation. To reduce these complications, recent studies have found a polypectomy technique without electrocautery, so-called cold polypectomy. This new technique shows more efficacious in diminutive/small polyps. This study aims to evaluate the complete retrieval rate and the complications of cold polypectomy technique. Patients/Methods: Prospectively study, 103 diminutive/small (< 1cm) polyps (53 patients) were removed by cold polypectomy technique from 11/2016 to 11/2017. Results: the complete retrieval rate was 97.1%. The immediate bleeding rate was 1.9%. No delayed bleeding and perforation occurred in any 103 polyps. Conclusion: Cold polypectomy is a safe and effective technique for diminutive/small polyps. Key words: cold polypectomy, hot polypectomy, colonoscopy, small polyp, diminutive polyp

Optimization of cold formed steel C-sections using standard Can/CSA-S136-M89

The lip dimension of cold formed steel C-sections (channels) is optimized according to the provisions of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S136-M89 "Cold formed steel structural members." The provisions in the 1989 edition of S136 are compared with those of the 1984 edition. Due to changes in design criteria, previously optimal sections are no longer optimal. The interaction of many of the elements is described and the manner in which the design standard takes the interaction into account is discussed. The lip sizes of C-sections are optimized in order to maximize flexural resistance and minimize cross-sectional area. An optimal C-section is one in which the flange is nearest to being fully effective. The optimal geometry generally has a lip-to-flange ratio of 3/8, which is restricted by a maximum lip flat width of 14 times the steel thickness. An optimal section based on the 1989 edition of S136 has a lower flexural resistance and a longer lip than an optimal C-section based on the 1984 edition of S136. Due to certain changes in the 1989 edition of S136, cold work of forming is now applicable in fewer cases than previously allowed by the 1984 edition of S136. Key words: cold formed steel, effective width, stiffener, lip, C-section, channel, optimization.

Gastrointestinal motility and plasma hormone and metabolite responses to acute cold stress and somatostatin-14 in sheep

Effects of intrajugular infusions of somatostatin-14 (SS-14) (8.9, 18.4, and 37.3 ng min−1 kg−1 BW) or saline were studied in three acutely (2 h) cold-stressed (0 °C) ewe lambs (39.8 ± 1.8 kg BW) fed a barley soybean meal diet at 25.6 g DM d−1 kg−1 BW. Acute cold exposure transiently increased (P < 0.001) and rewarming decreased (P < 0.001) recticular contraction frequency, with no effect of SS-14. The duration of duodenal irregular spiking activity was decreased (P < 0.05) by SS-14 at doses of 18.3 and 37.3 ng min−1 kg−1 and was not affected by cold exposure. This resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the average duration of the individual migrating myoelectric complex. Cold exposure increased (P < 0.01) plasma concentration of free fatty acids (FFA). Orthogonal contrasts of the changes during somatostatin infusion indicated linear increases in glucose and linear and cubic increases in FFA concentrations in plasma (P < 0.05). Infusion of somatostatin had no effect on basal concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, or glucagon but produced linear reductions in plasma insulin and glucagon responses during cold exposure (P < 0.05). Somatostatin modestly influenced hormone and metabolite concentration during acute cold exposure without apparent effect on body temperature. Key words: Cold, somatostatin, sheep, gastrointestinal motility, glucagon, insulin

Plasma somatostatin turnover rate and hormonal responses to feeding in chronically cold-exposed sheep

Ten crossbred wether lambs (44.9 ± 1.0 kg) were housed for 9 wk in either a thermoneutral (TN) (20 °C) or cold (CC) (0 °C) environment and fed a pelleted barley:soybean meal diet (19.6% crude protein) at 28.8 g d−1 kg−1. Environmental temperature significantly altered mean concentrations of free fatty acid (TN 0.32 mM, CC 0.43 mM; P < 0.02, SEM = 0.01), insulin (TN 2.06 ng mL−1, CC 0.68 ng mL−1; P < 0.03, SEM = 0.10), and glucagon (TN 0.27 ng mL−1 CC 0.20 ng mL−1; P < 0.05, SEM = 0.01) but had no effect on glucose, somatostatin, or growth hormone. Glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.001) concentrations increased, whereas free fatty acid (P < 0.001) and growth hormone (P < 0.001) concentrations decreased after feeding. Somatostatin concentrations did not change postprandially. Following an injection of somatostatin-14 (1.13 ± 0.08 μg kg−1 BW), plasma-free fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0.001) within 2 min and remained elevated for 30–75 min. Somatostatin-14 injection caused a transient (5–7 min) decrease in plasma insulin in both environments and glucagon in the TN environment. Somatostatin had a longer half-life, slower turnover rate, and reduced metabolic clearance and secretion rate (P < 0.05) in the cold environment, but the reduced secretion rate resulted in no change in basal concentrations of somatostatin. Key words: Cold, feeding, somatostatin, sheep, metabolic clearance rate

EFFECT OF SOMATOSTATIN AND CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE ON HORMONAL AND METABOLITE CONCENTRATION, METABOLIC RATE, THERMOREGULATION, AND GUT MOTILITY IN SHEEP

The effect of somatostatin-14 (SS-14) (6.7 ng min−1 kg−1 BW) on hormone and metabolite concentrations, gastrointestinal motility, thermoregulation, and heat production was studied in five ewe lambs (45.8 ± 2.8 kg BW) adapted to either thermoneutral (TN) (17.4 °C) or chronic cold (CC) (− 0.9 °C). Lambs received a barley:soybean diet at 25.6 g DM d−1 kg−1 BW. Environmental temperature and SS-14 infusion had no effect on the frequency or duration of components of the duodenal migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), although cold exposure increased (P < 0.05) total number of contractions within the MMC. CC increased (P < 0.05) heat production by 41%, while SS-14 decreased (P < 0.05) heat production by 4% in both environments. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (P < 0.05) were increased during cold exposure. In response to SS-14 infusion plasma free fatty acid levels increased (P < 0.05) in the TN environment, while their level declined in the cold environment. Growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin concentrations were not influenced by cold exposure or SS-14 infusion. CC increased plasma T3 concentration but this response was abolished by SS-14. Thus, in lambs fed a concentrate diet, somatostatin at low doses slightly reduces whole body metabolism, possibly by an influence on thyroid hormones. Key words: Cold, somatostatin, gastrointestinal motility, sheep, metabolism, thyroid

Induction of protein synthesis in response to cold shock in the psychrotrophic yeast Trichosporon pullulans

The synthesis of proteins in response to a cold shock in the psychrotrophic yeast Trichosporon pullulans was examined. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of a 21 to 5 °C cold shock revealed the induction of 26 cold-shock proteins (csps) at the maximum induction time of 12 h. The induction of only 10 csps after a 24 to 5 °C cold shock suggested that the growth of cells above their optimum growth temperature reduced their ability to induce csps. Comparison of the csp profile obtained after a 15 to a 5 °C cold shock with the profile for the 21 to 5 °C cold shock suggested that the range of the cold shock influences which proteins are induced. Key words: cold-shock proteins, psychrotrophic yeast.

EFFECT OF FEED TEMPERATURE ON COLD SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CATTLE AND SHEEP

The metabolic heat production of steers was measured at ambient temperatures of +10, −8 and −20 °C following their consumption of 15-kg turnip bulbs (Brassica napus) with a temperature of 27, 2 or −8 °C, or 10-kg turnips with a temperature of 2 °C followed by 1 kg hay. Metabolic heat production was elevated 13–80% after eating the cold and frozen turnips when steers were exposed to −8 °C and 35–80% when exposed to −20 °C. Sheep fed 20, 35, 55, 80 and 110 g pelleted ration per kg−0.75 d−1, accompanied by a ruminal infusion of water at 38 or 2 °C at a volume required to simulate a 10% dry matter feed had their metabolic heat production measured at +10 and −20 °C. Heat production was significantly increased at −20 °C for only the 2 °C infusion although with the 38 °C infusion at the lower feed intake levels, metabolic heat production was higher by up to 37% at an ambient temperature of −20 °C than at +10 °C. The lower critical temperature of the steers after ingestion of the turnips was estimated to be −4.5, −2.4, +3.2 and +13.9 °C forthe27, 2 + hay, 2 and −8 °C turnips, respectively. The lower critical temperature of sheep was raised by 1, 11, 31, 25 and > 22 °C by the ruminal infusion of water at 2 °C compared to water at 38 °C in sheep fed 20, 35, 55, 80 and 110 g feed kg−0.75 d−1, respectively. Key words: Cold, temperature, heat production, cattle, sheep

EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, ACUTE COLD STRESS, AND DIET ON FORESTOMACH CONTRACTIONS IN CATTLE

Studies were made on forestomach contraction frequencies as affected by diet (brome hay, alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage and barley concentrate diet), acute cold stress and acute psychological stress. Four 15-mo-old steers fitted with ruminal fistulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Diets did not influence contractile frequencies of the forestomachs, and did not interact with the effects of the stresses. Acute cold stress and psychological stress both produced significant increases of forestomach contraction frequencies and of heart rate. Key words: Cold stress, psychological stress, forestomach contractions, heart rate

CRYOPRESERVATION OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES

Key words: Cold hardness, gene conservation, Malus cryopreservation

EFFECTS OF COLD EXPOSURE ON YOUNG GROWING LAMBS

The performance and development of young Iambs housed at 0 ± 1 °C or 21 ± 1 °C were compared in two experiments. Despite similar nutrient intakes for both treatment groups, preweaning growth rate of the cold-exposed lambs tended to be reduced. Bone growth from 4 to 9 wk of age revealed a significant effect of temperature on metatarsal length (P < 0.05). By 10 wk of age morphological differences between the two groups were apparent, especially in terms of smaller ear dimensions (P < 0.01), head (P < 0.10) and metatarsal lengths (P < 0.05) of the cold-exposed lambs. Leg bone lengths after slaughter (13 wk of age) also tended to be shorter for the lambs housed at 0 °C. Organ weights measured after 11 wk of differential temperature exposure were similar for both groups except for slightly increased abomasal and thyroid weights (P < 0.10) in the cold-exposed group. Dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities of a concentrate ration fed to the weaned lambs were not affected by treatment, although nitrogen retention (g/day, g/g digestible N intake) was significantly lowered (P < 0.05) as a result of cold exposure. Key words: Cold, growth, digestion, morphology, lambs