EFFECTS OF COLD EXPOSURE ON YOUNG GROWING LAMBS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. McBRIDE ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Key Words Cold

The performance and development of young Iambs housed at 0 ± 1 °C or 21 ± 1 °C were compared in two experiments. Despite similar nutrient intakes for both treatment groups, preweaning growth rate of the cold-exposed lambs tended to be reduced. Bone growth from 4 to 9 wk of age revealed a significant effect of temperature on metatarsal length (P < 0.05). By 10 wk of age morphological differences between the two groups were apparent, especially in terms of smaller ear dimensions (P < 0.01), head (P < 0.10) and metatarsal lengths (P < 0.05) of the cold-exposed lambs. Leg bone lengths after slaughter (13 wk of age) also tended to be shorter for the lambs housed at 0 °C. Organ weights measured after 11 wk of differential temperature exposure were similar for both groups except for slightly increased abomasal and thyroid weights (P < 0.10) in the cold-exposed group. Dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities of a concentrate ration fed to the weaned lambs were not affected by treatment, although nitrogen retention (g/day, g/g digestible N intake) was significantly lowered (P < 0.05) as a result of cold exposure. Key words: Cold, growth, digestion, morphology, lambs

A notes on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in ewes fed whole grains of triticale, wheat and maize

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Felix ◽  
R. A. Hill ◽  
W. Winchester
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Collection Period

ABSTRACTTwo digestion trials were conducted using sheep fed whole grains of triticale, wheat or maize on an equal amount or an isonitrogenous basis. Nine ewes were used in a 10-day collection period for each trial. Both trials consisted of three treatment groups of three animals each. Each ewe received daily either 1200 g of a diet containing 740 g (per kg diet) triticale, wheat or maize (trial 1) or 900 g of a diet containing 650, 650 and 600 g (per kg diet), respectively, of the above grains. Digestibilities of various nutrients, dry matter and organic matter were generally similar among treatments. However, apparent digestibility of crude fibre was significantly higher for ewes fed triticale than for those fed maize or wheat diets.

The influence of dietary protein and energy concentration on the growth of Merino weaner sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA McGregor ◽  
JW McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Total Body

The influence of the dietary concentration of protein and energy on the growth of Merino wether weaners in pens, was studied in a factorial experiment. There were two digestible energy concentrations, (12.4 and 14.2 MJ DE kg-1 DM) x five protein concentrations (9-21% CP), three replicates (each of one animal). Diets were offered ad libitum, and nitrogen and energy retention were determined by the comparative slaughter technique. Initially, the mean weight of all treatment groups was 15.5 kg liveweight (12 weeks of age), and the experiment concluded 14 weeks later. Daily dry matter intake, liveweight gain, wool growth and total body nitrogen retention increased linearly as dietary crude protein concentration increased. Higher energy concentrations reduced dry matter intake and liveweight gain, and increased wool growth. Approximately 21 % of the digestible energy intake was retained. Regressions relating carcase and non-carcase composition to compartment weight, are presented. The fastest and most efficient gain in liveweight occurred with the ration containing 20% CP, at the lower energy concentration. It is suggested that for high levels of production with Merino weaners, rations should contain at least 18% CP.

EFFECTS OF PROLONGED COLD AND THE OUTDOOR WINTER ENVIRONMENT ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY IN SHEEP AND CATTLE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Digestion experiments were performed on sheep and cattle exposed for prolonged periods to various temperatures in controlled environmental chambers and in field studies on cattle kept outdoors during the winter. Exposure of sheep receiving pelleted hay or a hay–grain mixture to cold (−6.5–−10 C) temperatures as compared to warm (18 C) temperatures resulted in reductions in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen which could not be explained by changes in feed intake. In sheep, DM digestibility decreased on average by 0.31% per degree C decrease in temperature. Exposure of two cows to −11 C for 4 wk did not influence the apparent digestibilities of DM, energy or nitrogen of a long hay ration compared to values measured at 20 C. In the field studies, beef calves consuming an equal mixture of chopped hay and grain and kept outdoors during winter had apparent digestibilities of DM which were on average 8% lower (P < 0.05) than calves on the same ration kept in a heated barn. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was also lower (P < 0.05) for the calves kept outdoors. Beef steers kept outdoors during winter and fed an equal mixture of chopped hay and grain had significantly lower apparent digestibilities of DM and acid detergent fiber (P < 0.01) than steers kept indoors. In the steers, low apparent digestibilities tended to be associated with high resting metabolic rates. The effect of temperature on the steers was smaller than that observed for calves although the diets were similar. The decreases in DM digestibility per degree decrease in temperature were: for the calves, 0.21% per degree C and, for the steers, 0.08% per degree C, suggesting that the digestive function in younger, smaller animals my be more markedly influenced by environmental temperature than that of older, larger animals.

scholarly journals Lawsonia intracellularis infected enterocytes lack sucrase-isomaltase which contributes to reduced pig digestive capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma T. Helm ◽  
Eric R. Burrough ◽  
Fernando L. Leite ◽  
Nicholas K. Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lesion Severity

AbstractLawsonia intracellularis is endemic to swine herds worldwide, however much is still unknown regarding its impact on intestinal function. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the impact of L. intracellularis on digestive function, and how vaccination mitigates these impacts. Thirty-six L. intracellularis negative barrows were assigned to treatment groups (n  =  12/trt): (1) nonvaccinated, L. intracellularis negative (NC); (2) nonvaccinated, L intracellularis challenged (PC); and (3) L. intracellularis challenged, vaccinated (Enterisol® Ileitis, Boehringer Ingelheim) 7 weeks pre-challenge (VAC). On days post-inoculation (dpi) 0 PC and VAC pigs were inoculated with L. intracellularis. From dpi 19–21 fecal samples were collected for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and at dpi 21, pigs were euthanized for sample collection. Post-inoculation, ADG was reduced in PC pigs compared with NC (41%, P  <  0.001) and VAC (25%, P  <  0.001) pigs. Ileal gross lesion severity was greater in PC pigs compared with NC (P  =  0.003) and VAC (P  =  0.018) pigs. Dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, and energy ATTD were reduced in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P  ≤  0.001 for all). RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed abolition of sucrase-isomaltase transcript in the ileum of PC pigs compared with NC and VAC pigs (P  <  0.01). Conversely, abundance of stem cell signaling markers Wnt3, Hes1, and p27Kip1 were increased in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P  ≤  0.085). Taken together, these data demonstrate that reduced digestibility during L. intracellularis challenge is partially driven by abolition of digestive machinery in lesioned tissue. Further, vaccination mitigated several of these effects, likely from lower bacterial burden and reduced disease severity.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

Intensive beef production 5. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen retention

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bowers ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARY1. Nitrogen balance studies were made on 8 Friesian steers given allconcentrate diets containing fish meal, soya bean meal, groundnut meal or cottonseed meal.2. There were no differences in nitrogen retention but voluntary feed intake was significantly lower on the fish meal diet.3. Adjustment of nitrogen retention to constant dry matter intake resulted in significantly higher values for the diets containing fish meal and cottonseed meal than for the others.4. Rumen pH, rumen ammonia and blood urea were all much lower on the fish meal diet.

scholarly journals Using naturalistic incubation temperatures to demonstrate how variation in the timing and continuity of heat wave exposure influences phenotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1932) ◽  
pp. 20200992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Breitenbach ◽  
Amanda W. Carter ◽  
Ryan T. Paitz ◽  
Rachel M. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Most organisms are exposed to bouts of warm temperatures during development, yet we know little about how variation in the timing and continuity of heat exposure influences biological processes. If heat waves increase in frequency and duration as predicted, it is necessary to understand how these bouts could affect thermally sensitive species, including reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). In a multi-year study using fluctuating temperatures, we exposed Trachemys scripta embryos to cooler, male-producing temperatures interspersed with warmer, female-producing temperatures (heat waves) that varied in either timing during development or continuity and then analysed resulting sex ratios. We also quantified the expression of genes involved in testis differentiation ( Dmrt1 ) and ovary differentiation ( Cyp19A1 ) to determine how heat wave continuity affects the expression of genes involved in sexual differentiation. Heat waves applied during the middle of development produced significantly more females compared to heat waves that occurred just 7 days before or after this window, and even short gaps in the continuity of a heat wave decreased the production of females. Continuous heat exposure resulted in increased Cyp19A1 expression while discontinuous heat exposure failed to increase expression in either gene over a similar time course. We report that even small differences in the timing and continuity of heat waves can result in drastically different phenotypic outcomes. This strong effect of temperature occurred despite the fact that embryos were exposed to the same number of warm days during a short period of time, which highlights the need to study temperature effects under more ecologically relevant conditions where temperatures may be elevated for only a few days at a time. In the face of a changing climate, the finding that subtle shifts in temperature exposure result in substantial effects on embryonic development becomes even more critical.

Influence of parasitism on plasma concentrations of growth hormone, somatomedin-C and somatomedin-binding proteins in calves

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Elsasser ◽  
T. S. Rumsey ◽  
A. C. Hammond ◽  
R. Fayer
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Somatomedin C ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT A parasitic disease model (sarcocystosis) was used to study the effects of infection and associated plane of nutrition on GH and somatomedin-C (SM-C) patterns in plasma, and SM-C binding protein patterns in plasma from 4-month-old male Holstein calves. Calves, matched by age and rate of growth before the experiment, were divided into three treatment groups (n = 7). In the first (control), animals were uninfected and food was available ad libitum; in the second, animals were infected with Sarcocystis cruzi and food was available ad libitum. The third group consisted of uninfected animals pair-fed to the level of feed intake of the infected animals. Blood samples were obtained at various times after infection for analysis of the secretory patterns of GH (day 27 after infection, samples every 10 min for 6 h), SM-C (days 27, 35 and 58 after infection) or binding protein (day 42 after infection). Samples were analysed for GH and SM-C by radioimmunoassay. Relative molecular weights of binding proteins were assessed by elution patterns from gel permeation columns. Clinical signs of infection were manifest abruptly on day 26 after infection. Voluntary feed intakes of infected calves as a per cent of control calves were 18, 46 and 78 on days 27, 35 and 58 after infection respectively. Plasma GH concentrations were lower in infected and pair-fed than in control calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C concentrations were reduced in calves with diminished feed intakes and lower still in infected calves (P < 0·05). Plasma SM-C was positively correlated with nitrogen retention across treatment groups (r = 0·81). Two classes of binding proteins differing in molecular weight were identified. The relative amounts of each binding protein in plasma were reduced during low feed intake with some differences in the endogenous saturation affected by infection. These data suggest that altered growth and metabolism in parasitized calves may arise in part from both nutritional and infection-mediated effects on the regulation of GH, SM-C and SM-C binding proteins. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 191–200

COMPARISON OF INTACT, LATE-CASTRATED, AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL (DES)-IMPLANTED BOARS WITH BARROWS AND GILTS: NITROGEN AND ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY, NITROGEN RETENTION, CARCASS MEASUREMENTS, MUSCLE ANALYSES, AND RESIDUAL DES IN MUSCLE TISSUE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. NEWELL ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Grade Index

Forty boars, eight barrows, and eight gilts were allotted in groups of four pigs each at an average weight of 13.1 kg. Metabolism studies with a portion of the animals were conducted at 15 and 50 kg liveweight. Although no statistical differences between sexes were found in these studies, barrows tended to digest more nitrogen (N) but to retain less than boars and gilts. N digestibility (DN) and retention (NR) values at 50 kg were higher than those at 15 kg. The three sexes were found to be similar in energy digestibility (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Significant differences were found for boars in DE and ME coefficients between the two periods, averaging 83.2 and 85.6% DE in the 15- and 50-kg periods, respectively. At 70 kg, 16 boars were implanted with 96 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 16 boars were castrated, and 8 boars were left intact. Barrows had thicker backfat (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) grade index than any of the other treatments. Late-castrated boars showed a general trend to revert to the carcass characteristics of barrows but were still superior to barrows at market weight. No significant differences between treatments were found for dry matter, protein, fat, or ash content of the longissimus muscle. No residual DES was found in the muscle tissue of the implanted boars.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAPESEED FLOUR FOR MINK: EFFECTS ON LIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, THYROID FUNCTION AND PELT QUALITY

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BELZILE ◽  
L. S. POLIQUIN ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

A trial for testing the replacement value of rapeseed flour (RF) (blend of Brassica napus and campestris) for raw meat was conducted with growing-furring mink. The RF contained 67% crude protein and approximately 1/10 of the quantity of glucosinolates normally found in commercial meal. Forty male pastel mink were fed diets containing 0, 6.5, 13.4 and 20% RF (dry-matter basis) from the end of July to pelting. On a dry-matter basis, the diets contained approximately 41% protein and the percentages of protein as RF protein were 0, 4.3, 9 and 12.4. Initially, the animals ate significantly (P < 0.05) more feed and grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on the 0 and 6.5% RF diets, but later, weight gain and feed consumption were the same for all groups (P > 0.05). After 70 days on trial, weight gain was less (P < 0.05) on the 20% RF diet compared with the 0 and 6.5% diets. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen, and in nitrogen retention for the mink receiving the diets containing 13.4 and 20% RF. Mink fed the 20% RF diet showed significant (P < 0.05) thyroid hypertrophy, but at slaughter serum protein-bound iodine level was the same (P > 0.05) for all groups. There was little difference among groups with respect to pelt size and pelt quality.

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