Optimization of cold formed steel C-sections using standard Can/CSA-S136-M89

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Dinovitzer
Keyword(s):  
Cold Work ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Optimal Geometry ◽  
Optimal Section ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Flexural Resistance ◽  
Key Words Cold

The lip dimension of cold formed steel C-sections (channels) is optimized according to the provisions of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S136-M89 "Cold formed steel structural members." The provisions in the 1989 edition of S136 are compared with those of the 1984 edition. Due to changes in design criteria, previously optimal sections are no longer optimal. The interaction of many of the elements is described and the manner in which the design standard takes the interaction into account is discussed. The lip sizes of C-sections are optimized in order to maximize flexural resistance and minimize cross-sectional area. An optimal C-section is one in which the flange is nearest to being fully effective. The optimal geometry generally has a lip-to-flange ratio of 3/8, which is restricted by a maximum lip flat width of 14 times the steel thickness. An optimal section based on the 1989 edition of S136 has a lower flexural resistance and a longer lip than an optimal C-section based on the 1984 edition of S136. Due to certain changes in the 1989 edition of S136, cold work of forming is now applicable in fewer cases than previously allowed by the 1984 edition of S136. Key words: cold formed steel, effective width, stiffener, lip, C-section, channel, optimization.

Comparison on Section Properties and Flexural Behaviour for Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Section

2015 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeong Huei Lee ◽  
Shahrin Mohammad ◽  
Yee Ling Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Flexural Behaviour ◽  
Distortional Buckling ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Flexural Resistance ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper performs analytical and experimental investigation on the section properties of locally produced cold-formed steel sections. Effective width method given by BS EN1993-1-3 is used to calculate the section properties for two slender cold-formed steel channel sections, namely KS200C20 and KS250C20. Local buckling and distortional buckling are taken into account in the calculation. Effective width method has significantly reduced the full sectional area and thus gives a relative lower value for the sectional resistance of cold-formed steel channel sections. The analytical results is compared to manufacturer’s data and differences of not more than 3.37% is recorded. Experimental study on the flexural behaviour on the two types of cold-formed steel channel sections is carried out. The results show that BS EN1993-1-3 has good agreement with experimental results for flexural resistance that included local and distortional buckling consideration. It is concluded that effective width method by BS EN1993-1-3 is suitable to calculate the section properties of of locally produced cold-formed steel channel sections.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT PERFORATION UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADING

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majahar M. Baraskar ◽  
Pranil Shetake ◽  
Prof. V. M Bogar ◽  
Dr. Y. M Ghugal
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Lower Temperature

Steel is used in construction industry due to its hardness and tensile strength. Cold formed steel is type of steel which is manufactured at lower temperature. Cold form steel became more popular in twentieth century in construction industry due to its high strength to weight ratio and post-buckling strength. The purpose of this study is to study the behavior of cold-formed steel sections of different shapes but of same cross sectional area for compressive loading. Effect of lips within same cross sectional area, effect of perforation and shape stiffener is evaluated on different sections as channel section, Z section and hat section. Eigen value buckling analysis was carried out to on twelve different models to obtain the buckling load and failure pattern. ANSYS WORKBENCH software was used for numerical simulation of sections. I.S. 801:1975 has been taken under consideration wherever required. Based upon the results, optimum section in each of cases as with lips, without lips and perforated amongst all three sections is suggested. Effect of shape stiffeners provided by previous researcher P. Manikandan on solid sections is evaluated to check its suitability with perforated sections.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Behavior of Rectangular Concrete-Filled Tubular Columns Considering Diaphragms

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4412
Author(s):  
Sang-Lyul Cha ◽  
Jung-Soo Lee ◽  
Chan-Kyu Park ◽  
Jin-Keun Kim ◽  
Seung-Hee Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
High Ductility ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tubular Columns ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity

Concrete-filled tubular (CFT) columns have been widely used as structural members because CFT columns synergize the advantages of steel and concrete resulting in high strength, high ductility, and large energy dissipation capacity. Numerous studies have been performed to understand the behavior of CFT columns. However, the behavior of CFT columns remains uncertain due to their inelastic behavior and uncertain confinement effects, especially when failure occurs. In addition, diaphragms, which are generally installed, make it more complicated to understand the behavior of CFT columns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the diaphragms on the failure behavior of the CFT columns. To this end, eighteen rectangular CFT columns were tested with five different loading cases. The experimental results suggest that the size of the diaphragm has significant effects on the compressive strength and toughness of the CFT columns. In order to facilitate the proper composite actions of steel and concrete, the size of a diaphragm has to be at least three-quarters of the cross-sectional area.

Effective Steel Area of Fully Embedded Cold-Formed Steel Frame in Composite Slab System under Pure Bending

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 1300-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yee Ling Lee ◽  
Cher Siang Tan ◽  
Yeong Huei Lee ◽  
Shahrin Mohammad ◽  
M.Md. Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Analytical Calculation ◽  
Steel Frame ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Composite Slab ◽  
Strength Capacity ◽  
Cold Formed Steel

In conjunction with the promote of Industrial Building System (IBS) in Malaysia building construction, precast units such as slab, beam and column were widely used. This paper reports on the determination of the effective cross sectional area of the proposed cold-formed sections that embedded in precast concrete slab. The cold-formed steel sections are single and double lipped channel section, with 100mm in depth, 50 mm width, 12 mm lips length and 1.55 mm thickness. In order to determine the flexural capacity of the composite slab system, it is necessary to identify the effective cross sectional area of the section contributes to load-carrying of the slab system. The calculation method was based on the effective width method concept from BS EN 1993-1-3 and BS EN 1993-1-5. Four types of cold-formed steel frame profiles that embedded in the concrete to form a new type of composite slab system were used to study in this paper. The four types of cold-formed steel section configuration are S1-SV, S2-SH, S3-DV and S4-DH. From the analytical calculation, S3-DV has the highest effective cross-sectional area, which it only consists of 2% ineffective area for load-carry capacity. Besides that, single lipped section S2-SH fully utilized the cross sectional in carrying load. It can be concluded that S3-DV is predicted to have highest bending resistance than other three types of configuration with condition that the reliability of the prediction need to verify as other factors such as shear bonding and shifted neutral axis happened due to combination of concrete and cold-formed section which, will also contribute the strength capacity of the composite slab system.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT PERFORATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranil P. Shetake ◽  
Majahar M. Baraskar ◽  
Prof. V.M Bogar ◽  
Dr.Y.M Ghugal
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Edge Stiffener ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Shaped Section ◽  
Ansys Workbench

This work is about the investigation of flexural behavior cold formed steel member of different cross sections with and without perforation under similar cross sectional area. This work gives idea about the performance of different sections under same loading condition among selected sections and highlights the increasing the flexural strength of member by using stiffener arrangement. In this work three different cross sectional shapes are selected which are C – section, Z – section and Hat shaped section of same cross sectional area analyzed with and without lip under same loading and end condition as well as with perforation. The selected specimens were analyzed analytically using ANSYS Workbench software which shown better comparison among analyzed different geometries of members. Effectiveness of providing edge stiffener to different perforated sections also determined in this work.

Load-Carrying Capacity Estimation Methods for Cold-Formed Steel Lipped Channel Member Using Effective Width Method

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing You Yao ◽  
Yuan Qi Li ◽  
Zu Yan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Steel Structures ◽  
Channel Member ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Distortional Buckling ◽  
Plate Buckling ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
Buckling Coefficient ◽  
Thin Walled

Distortional buckling may occur for Cold-formed thin-walled steel lipped channel member except local buckling and overall buckling. The buckling of flange and lip are the important factor for the occurrence the distortional buckling. The different design codes have different design method for calculating plate buckling coefficient of flange and lip using the effective width method. So the effective width method in different codes are introduced and the load-carrying capacities of 100 lipped channel section compressive members collected from reference are computed using ‘Cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS 4600:2005)’, ‘Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting(EN1993-1-3:2006)’, ‘North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel Structural Members(AISI-S100:2007)’, ‘Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members (AISI:1996)’ and ‘Technical code of cold-formed thin-walled steel structures’(GB50018-2002). The calculated results show that ‘Technical code of cold-formed thin-walled steel structures (GB50018-2002)’ and ‘Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting (EN1993-1-3:2006)’ are conservative and ‘Cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS 4600:2005)’, ‘North American specification for the design of cold-formed steel Structural Members (AISI-S100:2007)’ and ‘Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members (AISI:1996)’ are unsafe. The elastic buckling stress of different lipped channel sections are predicted by finite strip program (CUFSM) and get the suggested calculation formula of plate buckling coefficient of flange according to regression Analysis. The calculated results using suggested plate buckling coefficient of flange are agree to test results.

Preventing disproportionate displacements in an annular crossed cable-truss structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renjie Liu ◽  
Suduo Xue ◽  
Xiongyan Li ◽  
Marijke Mollaert ◽  
Guojun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Internal Force ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Truss Structure ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Type ◽  
Structure Formula ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Dynamic Amplification

Disproportionate displacements in prestressed mechanisms raise concerns widely. Component rupture can result in disproportionate displacements of a major part of prestressed mechanisms. In general, increasing the cross-sectional area of structural members will be of little effect to prevent this kind of failure. A new type of prestressed mechanism named annular crossed cable-truss structure has been proposed. The new configuration shows advantages in preventing disproportionate displacements. An annular crossed cable-truss structure [Formula: see text] is analyzed to evaluate the effect of the sudden rupture of a connection through the instantaneous component removal of the elements linked to it, using ANSYS/LS-DYNA. It is illustrated by the simulations that disproportionate displacements do not occur. Increasing the cross-sectional area of structural members with an appropriate amount can be an effective way to postpone failure of the structural members in which the axial force increases due to internal force redistribution and dynamic amplification effect. Hence, it can be concluded that the annular crossed cable-truss structure has an excellent performance with respect to hazards causing individual connections to fail.

Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Transformation Behavior of NiTi Drawn Wires for Orthodontics Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 378-379 ◽  
pp. 623-627
Author(s):  
Nakhon Noonai ◽  
Anak Khantachawana ◽  
Pongpan Kaewtatip ◽  
Julathep Kajornchaiyakul
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Wire Drawing ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Reduction Ratio ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Heat Treated

NiTi shape memory alloy is widely used in dental applications such as orthodontics arch wire, mini screw implant, orthodontics spring, etc., because of its favorable superelasticity and shape memory effect. Wire drawing is a fundamental manufacturing process used for producing orthodontics arch wires. It is well known that cold-work occurred during wire drawing operation is also important to control mechanical properties and transformation temperature of NiTi wires. Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the effect of cold working by means of reduction ratio of cross -sectional area and heat-treatment temperatures on transformation and mechanical behavior of the drawn wires for utilized as orthodontic wires. The wire material used in this study is Ni51.4Ti48.6 (at%) alloy with various initial diameters with targeted wire diameter of 0.51mm (0.02 inch). The die for wire drawing is made of tungsten carbide which is inserted into a steel case. The dies were designed to have different reduction ratio of cross sectional area for 4 levels; 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. The lubricant used in this study is sodium stearate powder. In order to investigate the influences of heat-treatment temperatures, the drawn wires are heat-treated at 400 °C and 600 °C for 3.6ks. The results showed that percentages of reduction of cross sectional area and heat-treatment temperature strongly affect mechanical properties and transformation temperatures. Superelasticity was confirmed in an alloy heat-treated at 400 °C. The results obtained can be used to determine the optimum properties of NiTi wire in order to utilized as orthodontics arch wires.

Pelvic Canal Narrowing Caused by Triple Pelvic Osteotomy in the Dog

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holmberg ◽  
M. B. Hurtig ◽  
H. R. Sukhiani
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Pelvic Osteotomy ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Canal Width ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Post Operative Complications

SummaryDuring a triple pelvic osteotomy, rotation of the free acetabular segment causes the pubic remnant on the acetabulum to rotate into the pelvic canal. The resulting narrowing may cause complications by impingement on the organs within the pelvic canal. Triple pelvic osteotomies were performed on ten cadaver pelves with pubic remnants equal to 0, 25, and 50% of the hemi-pubic length and angles of acetabular rotation of 20, 30, and 40 degrees. All combinations of pubic remnant lengths and angles of acetabular rotation caused a significant reduction in pelvic canal-width and cross-sectional area, when compared to the inact pelvis. Zero, 25, and 50% pubic remnants result in 15, 35, and 50% reductions in pelvic canal width respectively. Overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment should be minimized to reduce postoperative complications due to pelvic canal narrowing.When performing triple pelvic osteotomies, the length of the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment and the angle of acetabular rotation both significantly narrow the pelvic canal. To reduce post-operative complications, due to narrowing of the pelvic canal, overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the length of the pubic remnant should be minimized.

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