Urdu Translation and Validation of Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale

Objective: To translate and validate the ABC-Scale in Urdu language to predict risk of fall in older population. Study design: Cross-cultural Translation and validation Place and Duration: Study was conducted in older adult community of Sialkot from March 2020 to December 2020. Methodology: Translation of ABC in Urdu was conducted by using Beaton et al guidelines. Two bilingual translators translated the original version into Urdu language step wise, correction process was followed. Then two backward translations were done by language expert. After all this process, the translated version was reviewed by the professionals and the final version was applied on 15 individuals. Its reliability and validity was tested on 60 older adults. Results: For test re test reliability, intra class correlation coefficient ICC was measured with a value of 0.984 Which shows good test re-test reliability. The internal consistency and reliability of ABC was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha for total score with a value of 0.985. Content validity was good with values of CVI ranging from 0.767 to 0.955. To test the discriminative validity, independent t test was used to show the difference between the healthy and unhealthy adults. Factor analysis of UABC showed total variance 81.277 and cumulative variance was also 81.277. To calculate construct validity of U-ABC Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used and measured as 0.558. Conclusion: It was concluded that Urdu version of UABC is a valid assessment tool for older adults with fear of fall. It has good content validity, construct validity and reliability. Keywords: activities specific balance scale, validation, Urdu translation, reliability, tool translation

Translation and validation in portuguese of the Leisure Constraints Scale (LCS)

Objetivo: Analisar a validade de conteúdo e traduzir para o português do Brasil a Leisure Constraints Scale (LCS). Metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de corte transversal com abordagem quantitativa. Realizou-se os processos de adaptação transcultural (tradução e retro tradução e revisão técnica) e validação (análise de especialistas, grupo focal, reprodutibilidade e consistência interna). Participaram do estudo 180 trabalhadores para análise da reprodutibilidade e 992 para a consistência interna. Além disso, onze especialistas na área do lazer participaram da validade de conteúdo do instrumento. Originalidade/Relevância: o estudo acerca das restrições ao lazer, apesar de consolidado no exterior, no Brasil necessita de aprofundamentos conceituais e de um instrumento válido. Nesse sentido, tal proposta vem suprir esta lacuna e contribuir para o fortalecimento das pesquisas sobre o lazer no país. Principais resultados: Os especialistas atribuíram valores satisfatórios para a análise de conteúdo nos itens clareza e linguagem (CVCt = 0,745), pertinência prática (CVCt = 0,782) e relevância teórica (X=4,0; DP=0,77). Os índices de reprodutibilidade por meio da análise de correlação intraclasse em teste-reteste foram considerados adequados em todos os domínios da LCS (restrições intrapessoais = 0,780 - bom; restrições interpessoais = 0,665 - regular; restrições ambientais = 0,852 - ótimo). Além disso, o Alpha de Cronbach apresentou valor de 0,621.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: pode-se afirmar que a versão brasileira da LCS, se constitui de um instrumento válido para aplicação em amostra de adultos, apresentando adequados indicadores psicométricos de validade, reprodutibilidade e consistência interna.

Validity of the Chinese Version of the Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR-C) for Persons With Dementia

Apathy is a prevalent neurobehavioral symptom in dementia. Despite that environmental stimulation plays a key role in apathy, it is often overlooked in assessment. The Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR) scale is currently the only validated apathy scale for persons with dementia that addresses environmental stimulation and is only available in English. This project translated the PEAR scale into Mandarin Chinese and evaluated its content validity. The PEAR scale includes two subscales: PEAR-Environment and PEAR-Apathy. Each subscale includes six items. The PEAR scale translation and validation were conducted through a four-step process. First, the PEAR scale was translated from English into Chinese by two bilingual PhD-prepared researchers. Second, the two Chinese versions of PEAR (PEAR-C) were back-translated into English by another two bilingual PhD-prepared researchers. Third, three content experts reviewed the two translated scales and reconciled a final PEAR-C scale. Finally, these three experts individually rated the PEAR-C and evaluated its content validity item-by-item in two aspects: 1) content equivalence: appropriateness to use this scale in Chinese cultural setting, and 2) semantic equivalence: the scale remains the same meaning after translation. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated to sum the ratings across experts. The CVI of content equivalence for all items was 1.0 for both subscales. The CVI of semantic equivalence was 0.98 for the PEAR-Environment and 0.97 for the PEAR-Apathy. The PEAR-C shows substantial content validity. Its reliability and construct validity need further evaluation. This scale is promising to assess apathy for individuals with dementia in the Chinese-speaking community.

Urdu translation and validation of clinically useful anxiety outcome scale in Pakistan: ‘an observational study’

Objective: To translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale on Urdu-speaking population. Method: The observational validation study was conducted in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2018 to December 2019 in two phases. In the first phase, the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale was forward and backward translated, while in the second phase, the translated scale was validated on a human sample comprising subjects in clinical and nonclinical settings. Item-to-total correlation, internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were checked with inter-group comparisons. To find out the level of language equivalence between the original and the translated versions, a separate sample of bilingual participants was raised. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Continue

Linguistic Validation of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) for Global Use

A valid and reliable quantitative measure of chronic pain is essential for developing and evaluating interventions that aim to treat pain. In dogs, the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) was originally adapted from a human measure, the Brief Pain Inventory, to assess owner-perceived pain and the impact of such pain on a dog's daily functioning. To be reliable and valid, data collected using a translated instrument should have evidence it is an accurate representation of the original instrument and is culturally appropriate for use in the intended context. To achieve this, instruments should undergo a rigorous translation process and be debriefed in the intended population of use. The CBPI is widely accepted and has been fully validated for use in US-English, Swedish, Italian, and French (France); further translation and validation of the CBPI is required to increase access to and use in other languages and countries. The objective of this study was to linguistically validate the CBPI for global use (Australia, China, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands and Portugal). In cognitive debriefing with a representative sample of dog owners in the target countries it was confirmed that the translations of the CBPI adequately convey the concepts in the original US-English version and that items are easily understood by dog owners. The results of the linguistic validation process thus produced measures that are conceptually equivalent to the original US-English-language CBPI and are culturally appropriate for use in the target countries.