Cognitive Antecedents of the Agricultural Entrepreneurship Intentions of Indian University Students

The purpose of this chapter is to extend the research on determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural industry by using the theoretical framework of determinants of entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial event model. By employing the DEI and EEM, the researchers evaluate how perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, individual background, and triggering events can influence the attitude of an individual and in turn how entrepreneurial attitude can control entrepreneurial intentions. To achieve the objective, a questionnaire survey was held using the sample of 335 PhD, master, and bachelor students in commerce, business, and economics from an Indian central university. The data was analysed using a linear regression model. The findings advocate that perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, individual background, and triggering events are positively related to entrepreneurial attitude, and the entrepreneurial attitude positively and significantly influences entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural sector.

De toelichting over impairment testing onder NL GAAP

In dit artikel doen we verslag van de informatieverschaffing over impairment testing onder NL GAAP. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd onder grote ondernemingen met een relatief hoog bedrag aan immateriële vaste activa. De verwachting was dat de COVID-19-crisis en de resultaatontwikkeling bij een groot deel van de onderzochte ondernemingen aan te merken is als een aanwijzing dat activa aan een bijzondere waardevermindering onderhevig kunnen zijn. Echter, we treffen in veel gevallen geen of beperkte informatie aan over de uitgevoerde triggering events-analyse en de uitgevoerde impairment tests. Het lijkt er dan ook op dat niet veel ondernemingen de toelichting in de jaarrekening 2020 hebben aangepast naar aanleiding van de in 2020 ontstane situatie. De ondernemingen die de meest omvangrijke impairments hebben verantwoord in 2020 hebben wel een meer uitgebreide toelichting opgenomen over de uitgevoerde impairment tests, inclusief de gehanteerde veronderstellingen. Op basis van het onderzoek concluderen wij dat ondernemingen meer aandacht kunnen besteden aan de belangrijke schattingen die in een specifiek jaar relevant zijn voor het begrip van de in de jaarrekening opgenomen bedragen.

Deprescribing Blood Pressure Treatment in VA Long-Term Care Residents

There is growing interest in deprescribing of antihypertensive medications in response to adverse effects, or when a patient’s situation evolves such that the benefits are outweighed by the harms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the incidence and predictors of deprescribing of antihypertensive medication among VA long-term care residents ≥ 65 years admitted between 2006 and 2017. Data were extracted from the VA electronic health record, CMS Minimum Data Set, and Bar Code Medication Administration. Deprescribing was defined as a reduction in the number of antihypertensive medications, sustained for 2 weeks. Potentially triggering events for deprescribing included low blood pressure (<90/60 mmHg), acute renal impairment (creatinine increase of 50%), electrolyte imbalance (potassium below 3.5 mEq/L, sodium decrease by 5 mEq/L), and fall in the past 30 days. Among 22,826 VA nursing home residents on antihypertensive medication, 57% had describing event during their stay (median length of stay = 6 months). Deprescribing events were most common in the first 4 weeks after admission and the last 4 weeks of life. Among potentially triggering events, acute renal impairment was associated with greatest increase in the likelihood of deprescribing over the subsequent 4 weeks: among residents with this event, 32.7% were described compared to 7.3% in those without (risk difference = 25.5%, p<0.001). Falls were associated with the smallest increased risk of deprescribing (risk difference = 2.1%, p<0.001) of the events considered. Deprescribing of antihypertensive medications is common among VA nursing home residents, especially after a potential renal adverse event.

Insights from the topographic characteristics of a large global catalog of rainfall-induced landslide event inventories

Landslides are a key hazard in high-relief areas around the world and pose a risk to population and infrastructure. It is important to understand where landslides are likely to occur in the landscape to inform local analyses of exposure and potential impacts. Large triggering events such as earthquakes or major rain storms often cause hundreds or thousands of landslides, and mapping the landslide populations generated by these events can provide extensive datasets of landslide locations. Previous work has explored the characteristic locations of landslides triggered by seismic shaking, but rainfall induced landslides are likely to occur in different parts of a given landscape when compared to seismically induced failures. Here we show measurements of a range of topographic parameters associated with rainfall-induced landslides inventories, including a number of previously unpublished inventories which we also present here. We find that average upstream angle and compound topographic index are strong predictors of landslide headscarp location, while local relief and topographic position index provide a stronger sense of where landslide material may end up (and thus where hazard may be highest). By providing a large compilation of inventory data for open use by the landslide community, we suggest that this work could be useful for other regional and global landslide modelling studies and local calibration of landslide susceptibility assessment, as well as hazard mitigation studies.

Pembelajaran Transformatif Dalam Kalangan Wanita Dewasa Yang Menunaikan Haji Di Perak

Transformative learning is a process of engaging with an individual’s referral framework including perspectives of meaning, habit, mind and thinking. This study was conducted to study the transformational learning that takes place in adult women in performing the Hajj. This study is designed to identify triggers, factors and effects .The methodology of this study uses semi-structured interviews. A total of 5 informants consisting of adult women aged 45 to 65 were selected using the snowball method. The results show that different triggering events in each individual can change the perspective of informants to change. Factors help inform informants to support and encourage them to continue to move in a positive direction. Suggestions to future researchers may extend the scope of Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak, study gender differences and use data triangulation.

A Novel Framework for Quantifying Accuracy and Precision of Event Detection Algorithms in FES-Cycling

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique used in rehabilitation, allowing the recreation or facilitation of a movement or function, by electrically inducing the activation of targeted muscles. FES during cycling often uses activation patterns which are based on the crank angle of the pedals. Dynamic changes in their underlying predefined geometrical models (e.g., change in seating position) can lead to desynchronised contractions. Adaptive algorithms with a real-time interpretation of anatomical segments can avoid this and open new possibilities for the automatic design of stimulation patterns. However, their ability to accurately and precisely detect stimulation triggering events has to be evaluated in order to ensure their adaptability to real-case applications in various conditions. In this study, three algorithms (Hilbert, BSgonio, and Gait Cycle Index (GCI) Observer) were evaluated on passive cycling inertial data of six participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). For standardised comparison, a linear phase reference baseline was used to define target events (i.e., 10%, 40%, 60%, and 90% of the cycle’s progress). Limits of agreement (LoA) of ±10% of the cycle’s duration and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the algorithm’s event detections. The delays in the detection were determined for each algorithm over 780 events. Analysis showed that the Hilbert and BSgonio algorithms validated the selected criteria (LoA: +5.17/−6.34% and +2.25/−2.51%, respectively), while the GCI Observer did not (LoA: +8.59/−27.89%). When evaluating control algorithms, it is paramount to define appropriate criteria in the context of the targeted practical application. To this end, normalising delays in event detection to the cycle’s duration enables the use of a criterion that stays invariable to changes in cadence. Lin’s CCC, comparing both linear correlation and strength of agreement between methods, also provides a reliable way of confirming comparisons between new control methods and an existing reference.

Is De-Risking one of the Indications for an Emerging Competition between the Free Movement of Capital and the Anti-Money Laundering Regulations?

The report is dedicated to analysing the phenomenon of de-risking which may be considered as another indication for the arising competition between the regulatory effect of the anti-money laundering regulation and the deregulatory effect of the liberalization of capital movements within the European Union. The author’s attention is focused on the triggering events for both liberalization of capital movements and de-risking, definition of the phenomenon de-risking and its impact on the free movement of capital and payments.

Comparing methods for determining landslide early warning thresholds: potential use of non-triggering rainfall for locations with scarce landslide data availability

Rainfall intensity-duration landslide-triggering thresholds have become widespread for the development of landslide early warning systems. Thresholds can be in principle determined using rainfall event datasets of three types: (a) rainfall events associated with landslides (triggering rainfall) only, (b) rainfall events not associated with landslides (non-triggering rainfall) only, (c) both triggering and non-triggering rainfall. In this paper, through Monte Carlo simulation, we compare these three possible approaches based on the following statistical properties: robustness, sampling variation, and performance. It is found that methods based only on triggering rainfall can be the worst with respect to those three investigated properties. Methods based on both triggering and non-triggering rainfall perform the best, as they could be built to provide the best trade-off between correct and wrong predictions; they are also robust, but still require a quite large sample to sufficiently limit the sampling variation of the threshold parameters. On the other side, methods based on non-triggering rainfall only, which are mostly overlooked in the literature, imply good robustness and low sampling variation, and performances that can often be acceptable and better than thresholds derived from only triggering events. To use solely triggering rainfall—which is the most common practice in the literature—yields to thresholds with the worse statistical properties, except when there is a clear separation between triggering and non-triggering events. Based on these results, it can be stated that methods based only on non-triggering rainfall deserve wider attention. Methods for threshold identification based on only non-triggering rainfall may have the practical advantage that can be in principle used where limited information on landslide occurrence is available (newly instrumented areas). The fact that relatively large samples (about 200 landslides events) are needed for a sufficiently precise estimation of threshold parameters when using triggering rainfall suggests that threshold determination in future applications may start from identifying thresholds from non-triggering events only, and then move to methods considering also the triggering events as landslide information starts to become more available.

Patient–Ventilator Interaction Testing Using the Electromechanical Lung Simulator xPULM™ during V/A-C and PSV Ventilation Mode

During mechanical ventilation, a disparity between flow, pressure and volume demands of the patient and the assistance delivered by the mechanical ventilator often occurs. This paper introduces an alternative approach of simulating and evaluating patient–ventilator interactions with high fidelity using the electromechanical lung simulator xPULM™. The xPULM™ approximates respiratory activities of a patient during alternating phases of spontaneous breathing and apnea intervals while connected to a mechanical ventilator. Focusing on different triggering events, volume assist-control (V/A-C) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) modes were chosen to test patient–ventilator interactions. In V/A-C mode, a double-triggering was detected every third breathing cycle, leading to an asynchrony index of 16.67%, which is classified as severe. This asynchrony causes a significant increase of peak inspiratory pressure (7.96 ± 6.38 vs. 11.09 ± 0.49 cmH2O, p < 0.01)) and peak expiratory flow (−25.57 ± 8.93 vs. 32.90 ± 0.54 L/min, p < 0.01) when compared to synchronous phases of the breathing simulation. Additionally, events of premature cycling were observed during PSV mode. In this mode, the peak delivered volume during simulated spontaneous breathing phases increased significantly (917.09 ± 45.74 vs. 468.40 ± 31.79 mL, p < 0.01) compared to apnea phases. Various dynamic clinical situations can be approximated using this approach and thereby could help to identify undesired patient–ventilation interactions in the future. Rapidly manufactured ventilator systems could also be tested using this approach.

A Proposed Pandemic Clause for Force Majeure Events under Construction Contracts in Malaysia

The construction industry is not spared from the adverse effect of the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper aims to identify the triggering events of Force Majeure under the standard forms of construction contract in Malaysia and determine the extent to which the relevant provisions in these contracts apply to the Force Majeure events during the pandemic. This research employs a qualitative research methodology, and the outcomes will help clarify the grey area of Force Majeure law caused by a global pandemic. It proposes guidelines to the construction industry when dealing with a similar disruption caused by an outbreak of the disease. Keywords: pandemic clause, Force Majeure, construction contracts eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2733