Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)

The current study investigated the effects of different strength Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure (250 µT, 500 µT, 1000 µT) on the commercially important decapod, edible crab (Cancer pagurus, Linnaeus, 1758). Stress related parameters were measured (l-Lactate, d-Glucose, Total Haemocyte Count (THC)) in addition to behavioural and response parameters (shelter preference and time spent resting/roaming) over 24 h periods. EMF strengths of 250 µT were found to have limited physiological and behavioural impacts. Exposure to 500 µT and 1000 µT were found to disrupt the l-Lactate and d-Glucose circadian rhythm and alter THC. Crabs showed a clear attraction to EMF exposed (500 µT and 1000 µT) shelters with a significant reduction in time spent roaming. Consequently, EMF emitted from MREDs will likely affect crabs in a strength-dependent manner thus highlighting the need for reliable in-situ measurements. This information is essential for policy making, environmental assessments, and in understanding the impacts of increased anthropogenic EMF on marine organisms.

Effect of Antibiotics on the Haemocyte Count and Rearing Performance of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Background: Antibiotic agents have been used in recent years to increase the growth of silkworm larvae and to improve production. In this context, the present investigation reported the effects of ceftiofur sodium, oxytetracycline and enroflaxcin on total haemocyte count (cells/mm3), survival percentage and economic characteristics in silkworm Bombyx mori L. at various concentration levels. The study regarding the effect of antibiotics was conducted on the silkworm breed APS-45. Three concentrations (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) were prepared for each antibiotic. The worms were reared upto 3rd instar without any treatment. After third moult silkworms were supplemented with antibiotic fortified mulberry leaves. Results: The experimental results showed that the effect of different antibiotics on economic parameters like larval weight, larval duration, cocoon weight, shell ratio and raw silk percentage were significantly increased in the treated lines in comparison to the control. Antibiotics also increased survival percentage and the most effective result was obtained at 0.15% of ceftiofur sodium followed by oxytetracycline and enroflaxcin. In the present study highest THC value of 9157.33 mm/cm3 was recorded in treatment ceftiofur sodium treated batch at concentration C3 0.15%. An increment in the total haemocyte count was observed in other treatments as well and the cell count increased with an increase in concentration of antibiotic dosage and the effectiveness of the antibiotics followed the order ceftiofur sodium, oxytetracycline and enroflaxcin. Conclusion: This research outlines that there is a significant improvement in the total haemocyte count and economic traits in silkworm with the supplementation of antibiotic fortified mulberry leaves. The antibiotic treatment has significantly improved the raw silk percentage and has been found to be effective in reducing the mortality of silkworms. So, this antibiotic fortification can be further exploited for higher raw silk production.

Effect of carbofuran on quantitative and qualitative alterations in haemolymph of larva of Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Investigation to evaluate the toxicity of carbofuran pesticides on haematological parameters of third instar larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros L. Indicated alterations in total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count for toxicity assessment. Various doses of carbofuran (0.05g, 0.010g and 0.015 g) applied on insect through oral route and its impact after 24 hours of its application revealed that various doses of carbofuran exert specific alterations in both total and differential haemocytes of insect haemolymph.

PROFIL HEMOSIT UDANG PISANG (Penaeus sp.) YANG TERSERANG EKTOPARASIT PADA TAMBAK DI PANTAI BARAT ACEH

Udang Penaeid merupakan salah satu komoditas perairan yang dibudidayakan dan diminati oleh masyarakat saat ini. Udang Pisang (Penaeus sp.) adalah salah satu udang yang termasuk ke dalam Genus Penaeus yang hanya dapat dijumpai di wilayah Pantai Barat Aceh dan mulai dibudidayakan. Kegiatan budidaya tersebut tidak terlepas dari infeksi parasit, baik endoparasit maupun ektoparasit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Agustus 2018 dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil hemosit Udang Pisang (Penaeus sp.) yang dibudidayakan pada tambak di Pantai Barat Aceh ditinjau dari serangan ektoparasit dan parameter kualitas airnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Total Haemocyte Count (THC) rata-rata Udang Pisang (Penaeus sp.) dari Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat dan Nagan Raya berkisar antara 3.97- 4.90 x 107 sel/ml. Jenis ektoparasit yang menyerang Udang Pisang (Penaeus sp.) adalah Vorticella sp., Epistylis sp., dan Zoothamnium sp. Parameter kualitas air yang diukur selama penelitian menunjukkan kisaran DO 3.98 – 4.27 mg/L, suhu 33.2 – 35.7 oC, pH 7 – 7.6, dan salinitas 22.4 – 26 ppt.

Do dietary stresses affect the immune system of Periplaneta americana (Blattaria: Blattidae)?

Stresses can be caused by multiple biotic and abiotic factors and their effects can affect both the biology and the immune system of insects. American cockroach – Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattaria: Blattidae) –besides being an excellent model species, has great medical importance because it can act as a mechanical vector of several pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of starvation, dehydration and both stresses on weight, and total and differential haemocyte count in P. americana adults. Each specimen was isolated in glass flasks containing or not food and/or water. They were weighed periodically. Another group received water for 24 h after the end of stress period. In the immunologic bioassay, we counted their haemocytes after the final weighing. All stresses reduced the insect weight, especially when the stresses were combined. Females of the control group gained weight and males had it unaltered. Different stress conditions and time did not influence on total haemocyte count. Insects without food and water had the proportion of prohaemocytes increased and plasmatocytes decreased. This study can serve as a basis of further studies of bioecology, behaviour and the ability of resisting insecticides, besides serving as a model to studies in other insect species.

Potential of Ulva lactuta Crude Extract in Increasing Total Haemocyte Count (THC) and Fagocytic Activity in Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Acauses of the decrease in vaname shrimp production was vibriosis. Vibriosis is caused by vibrio bacteria. A vibrio bacteria that plays a role in vibriosis is vibrio harveyi. Managing of diseases caused by vibrio harveyi is one of the best that provides immunostimulant assistance from natural ingredients derived from seaweed. Ulva lactuta is a green seaweed that has different substances that contain immune. Some of the compositions contained in Ulva Lactutawere Flavonoid Compositions, and the Composition of Polysaccharides that are Combined with Immunimulants The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and dosage used to improve the immune system in vaname shrimp. Combined with THC and Fagocytosis in the hemolim on vaname shrimp before infection and after infection with Vibrio harveyi bacteria.A dose of 2 ppm showed a significant difference (p <0.05) for all treatments.

Innate immune responses of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) experimentally infected with acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease-causing Vibbrio parahaemolyticus

The innate immune responses of the whiteleg shrimps (Penaeus vannamei) experimentally challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion were investigated for a period of 120 h. The results showed that the lethal dose 50% (LD50) of shrimps (2 - 3 g) challenged with V. parahaemolyticus was 4.7 × 106 CFU/mL. No significant differences in immune parameters were observed between the control and challenged group right after challenge (0 hpi). However, the total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst activity were decreased in the challenged shrimps after 24 and 48 hpi and significantly different from those in the control shrimps (P < 0,05). At 72, 96 and 120 hpi, there were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst activity between two treatments. The observations of this study showed that the innate immune responses of the whiteleg shrimp were decreased due to the infection by V. parahaemolyticus.

Kerusakan Dan Jumlah Hemosit Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon Fab.) Yang Mengalami Zoothamniosis

Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) is one of the biggest non-oil and natural gas export fisheries commodity. In the other hand, the culture of this shrimp is highly affected by infectious pathogens and disease control is ciliated protozoa, Zoothamnium penaei that play an important role as ectocommensals on the body surface of tiger shrimp and causes “udang lumutan” disease. The aim of this research are to know the destruction and mean total haemocyte count of the Tiger shrimp between healthy and easy, middle and heavy infected degree of Zoothamnium penaei. The healthy and was identified infected Zoothamnium penaei of Tiger shrimp samples collected from one of the nursery pond in Lamongan that divided of 50 healthy indivisuals and infected Zoothamnium penaei (50 individuals for each infestation degree). Haemolymph (haemocytes) was obtained from the ventral part of the haemocoel of the second abdominal segment using 1 ml syringe filled with EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid). The variable observed were destruction of haemocyte and mean total haemocyte count during 7 days. ANOVA (Analysis Of Varian) was used for mean total haemocyte count change data analysis followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test with 5% significantly. The research results revealed that Tiger shrimp that easy, middle and heavy infected of Zoothamnium penaei no destruction occurs, but Tiger shrimp that heavy infected of Zoothamnium penaei occurs haemocyte sitoplasma destruction. The highest mean total haemocyte count change was 61,64x106 ± 3,56x106 cells ml-1 in Tiger shrimp that middle infected of Zoothamnium penaei, while the lowest mean total haemocyte count change was 41,04x106 ± 3,64x106 cells ml-1 occur in Tiger shrimp that heavy infected of Zoothamnium penaei.